Political Economy of India’s Special Economic Zones: a Conceptual Frame Work

 Every country stands for its own development. For this purpose the state introduces and implements new policies and programmes such as Special Economic Zones Act. After 60 years of its independence India with its 110 core population has evolved a new paradigm of its political economy which is confusing. The policies and programmes initiated by Indian government to create a ‘global village’ based on free market economy and free trade among nations cutting across all barriers, abolition of national boundaries and dismantling the nation –state system giving priority to ‘market’ over the ‘state’ . After the enactment of Special Economic Zone Act 2005, it created tremendous effects on political economy of the country.

            The term ‘political economy’ came from the two Greek words ‘Politiko’ and ‘Oikonomia, where ‘Politiko’ stands for the state and society and ‘Oikonomia’means managing the house hold economy. Political economy thus means a study of the state, society and house hold economy. The concept of political economy arose historically as the economic doctrine of a new class – the capitalist class. It has been evolved since the days of Aristotle who gave a model of public good through guaranteeing each person private possession of what he was rationally and morally entitled. Private property was elaborated later by Locke, Adam Smith, Ricardo and the physiocrates, who came to be known as the Laissez Fairists in Economics, or, the liberal democrats in politics. Adam Smith referred to political economy as a branch of the system of civil government. It was concerned with public policy.

            In Marxian view, political economy can be regarded as a subject which studies the social relations evolves between different classes of people in course of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. Political economy belongs to the broad land of economics, which opens on to political science. After a prolonged period of hibernation, the subject has again been resurrected.

Marxist political economy makes a study of how the productive forces are used under the given relations of production taking account of the lines and trends in technical progress; political economy studies the influence of production relations on such progress and its socio economic consequences. Marxist political economy starts from the assumption that human vital activity is objectively based on social material production which includes man’s interactions with the nature and whole range of relations which arise in the process. It has been realized that every political action has its obvious economic repercussion, and every economic action has had its political implications.

 The liberal school of political economy offers economic implications of political facts and factors. The liberal school has economized politics. The liberal system focuses on the atomistic individual as the relevant unit, on the description of economic behavior in terms of subject choices among alternatives, on the notion of social welfare as the maximizations of individual utility sums. The socialist system views the entire economic system as the basic unit, views economic progress in terms of the growth of the forces of production and focuses on ‘relations of production’ ‘surplus value’ and the rapid increase of social product.

By contrast the Gandhian system eschews both the notions of the atomistic autonomous individual maximizing his utility in a self regulating economy and the notion of processes of production autonomously effecting changes in the organization of production ,class relationship and the magnitude and distribution of social product instead of the Gandhian model suggest that the fundamental attribute of human economic behaviour lies in the relationship of individual to socioeconomic micro groups and the relationship of micro groups to society .The basic economic act is neither the choice between economic alternatives nor the social division of natural products, but the adjustment between individual and the micro groups to which they belong, and of those micro groups to society .It is this collaboration which is the basic theme of the Gandhian system of political economy.

The Gandhian system is viewed in micro groups that are fundamental constituents of the economic system and given full scope to develop their potential in the context of no coercive forms of political control. Social welfare is defined in terms of the functioning of the collaborative micro groups vis –a-vis its members. Gandhi believed that the introduction of technology and patterns of development must be consistent with the full employment objective.

Today economist speaks of sustainable development and ecological values. Gandhi was not against industry but as he predicted it could not give people more employment. His constructive programmes were to give employment to all people whether it be kadhi, gobar gas or tree plantations, where all can be engaged in constructive work. Gandhian economics is an alternative to overcome the exploitation of both capitalism and communism for the exponents of human social order.He was against the large scale use of machinery which kept millions without work. Swadeshi is one of the core elements in the socio-economic organisation of Gandhian system.

Gandhi observes

                       “Life here will not be a pyramid with the apex sustained by the bottom, but it will be an oceanic circle whose centre will be the individual, always ready to perish for the village, the latter ready to perish for the circle of the villages, till at last the whole becomes one life composed of individual, never aggressive in their arrogance, but ever humble sharing the majesty of the oceanic circle of which they are integral units’. The idea of the circle stands for integrating, fullness and self-sufficiency. He wrote that independence must begin at the bottom. Thus every village will be a republic or Panchayat having full powers. It follows therefore, that every village has to be self sustained and capable of managing its affairs even to the extent of defending itself against the whole world.”

 Politics and economy are considered as two basic factors in determining the nature of the state and society. They are interrelated to such an extent that the changes in one affect the other, and hence both are ‘dynamic’ and ‘flexible’ ingredients of the national and the international systems. Politics and economy taken together as political economy refers to ‘managing the economy of the state’. Conceptually political economy connotes the relationship between the state, society and the economy, the cause–effect relationship between technological change and the process of development, the economic relations among the different nations of the world.

DEFINITION OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE

            A special economic zones is a geographical region that has economic; laws more liberal than a countries typical economic laws. According to the SEZ Act 2005, A SEZ is a ‘specially delineated duty free enclave and shall be deemed to be foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations and duties and tariffs. A SEZ also been viewed as “a geographical region with different economic laws than a countries typical economic laws with the main goal of attracting foreign investment’. “A SEZ or a Free Trade Zone (FTZ) is typically an enclave of units operating in a well –defined area within the geographical boundary of a country where certain economic activities are promoted by a set of policy measures that are generally not applicable to the rest of the country”.

            The concept of special economic zones is not new. In an International Labour Organization (ILO) report traces the roots of the concept to 13th centaury Spain and in more recent times to Ireland and Puerto Rico, which established Export Processing Zones (EPZ). Export Processing Zones is the former name of the Special Economic Zones. The countries like China, United Arab Emirates, Malaysia, India, Jordan, Philippines and Russia have utilized the concept of SEZ. In 1986, there were 176 zones across 47 countries. Now the number has increased to over 5000 across 147 countries.  

The zones are known by different names in different parts of the world. Most often these are Free Trade Zones  (FTZ),Industrial Free Zones (IFS) Export Processing Zones (EPZ) Bonded Free Zones and Special Economic Zones (SEZ).

          Export Processing Zone is the ancestor of SEZ. An Export Processing Zone is relatively small geographically spread area within a country. The purpose of which is to attract export oriented industries, by offering them especially favorable investment and trade conditions as compared with the reminder of the host country. The EPZ is just an industrial enclave but SEZ is an integrated township with fully developed infrastructure. The UN Industrial Development Organization (UNID) identifies five basic attributes of EPZ s are:

 ? EPZs are dominated by market mechanisms.

 ? EPZ are restricted to a limited region.

 ? EPZs specialize in the production of exports goods and offer special incentives for such production.

 ? Their major aims are to attract foreign investments, earn foreign exchange and to  generate employment

? Secondary aims are technology transfer, development linkages and regional             development .

Policies taken by the governments for the development of the nation obviously affect the people. SEZ policies are for the development of the country. These Developmental projects have economic, political and social impact. In Gandhian political economy, village level development is needed. Land needed for the establishment of the SEZs projects also affected the political economy of the country. Tax incentives, Foreign Direct Investment, New type of employment generation also affect the political economy of the country. The macro economic changes driven by SEZs will push the countries down the path of increasing socio-political crisis.  

A BRIEF HISTORY OF INDIA’S SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

India became independent in 1947 and chose self- sufficiency along with economic autonomy. The Industrial Policy Resolution of 1948 marked the beginning of the evolution of the Indian Industrial policy. The Resolution not only defined the broad contours of the policy. But it delineated the role authority of the state in industrial development both as an entrepreneur and as an authority

The industrial policy Resolution of 1956 gave the public sector a strategic role in the economy. It categorized industries, which would be the exclusive responsibility of the state or would progressively come under state control and others. Earmarking the pre-eminent position of the public sector, it envisaged private sector coexisting with the state and thus attempted to give the policy framework flexibility. India opted for a planned economy with emphasis on state sponsored industrialization. The argument was that capital being scare in India, it was essential to regulate the flow of the available capital in to socially desirable channels. This was achieved by an elaborate system of industrial licensing and state monopoly and control over key industries.                                                                                                                        

More than 80% of the Indian population is still living in agricultural field. Agri-centered model of development was prevalent during the 1950sand the 60s. Agriculture contributes approximately one-fifth of total gross domestic product (GDP). It provides the means of livelihood to about two-thirds of the country’s population. The Sector provides employment to 59 percent of the countries workforce and is the single largest private sector occupation. Agriculture accounts for about 10 percent of the total export earnings and provides raw material to a large number of industries.

During the Jawaharlal Nehru’s period, foreign collaborations were promoted in certain sectors and foreign investment was encouraged. First Export Processing Zone (EPZ) was set up in 1965 at Kandla, in Gujarat. This was a predecessor of the Special Economic Zone in India. The Santa Cruz EPZ in Mumbai became operational in 1973.

After the death of Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi became the prime Minister of India in 1966. She also did a lot for the economic development of the country. The Foreign Investment Board was set up in 1968. In 1973, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) was enacted.. India set up the Santa Cruz Electronics Export Processing Zone (SEEPZ) between1973-74. It was the first EPZ which was dedicated to the electronic industry.

Doors of the Indian economy were opened during the 1980s, by Indira Gandhi and later by Rajiv Gandhi. From 1984 to 1989, the policy was to enable the middle class to consume more so as to raise the internal demand. This resulted in the raise of imports and the growth of Foreign Direct Investment. The government tried to raise the level of exports in order to balance this phenomenon. In 1984, the Free Zone policy received a fresh start. By 1991, the Indian economy was opened up for linking up the Indian market with the world leading to free flow of trade and commerce .The multilateral Financial Institutions like the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund while assisting the developing countries like India also insisted upon restructuring the polity and the administrative machinery. Following a change in the policy regime in this period and the formation of the World Trade Organization (WTO) with India becoming its founder member, it opted for a liberalized capitalist strategy. There had been introducing policies since July 1991 particularly in the industrial sector.

De-reservation of industries for the public sector was one of the major step taken by the government as part of the policy changes in the industrial sector. It was against the earlier 17 industries were reserved, there are now industries like defense production, atomic energy, coal and lignite, railways and mineral oils reserved for the public sector. Core industries like iron and steel, electricity, air transport, shipbuilding, and heavy machinery industries such as heavy electrical plants telecommunication cables and instruments are now open to private sector participation. Besides, equities held by the government in selected public sector enterprises like ONGC etc are now available to mutual funds, financial institutions, the general public and workers through a policy of divestment

In1998, the first private SEZ started its operations in Surat .This was under the jurisdiction of the Mumbai (SEEPZ)Development Commissioner, who was a nominee of the central Government.

From the beginning of the 21st century, most of the developing countries in the world have recognized the importance of facilitating international trade for the sustained growth of the economy and increased contribution to the GDP of the nation. As part of its continuing commitment to liberalisation, the Government of India has also adopted a multi-pronged approach to promote foreign investment in India. The Government of India has pushed ahead with second-generation reforms and has made several policy changes to achieve this objective.  The annual growth rate ranged between six and nine percent.

Bharathiya Janatha Party (BJP) government decided to re-launch the Free Trade Zone Policy in 2000. It changed the name of Export Processing Zone (EPZ) to Special Economic Zone (SEZ). The policy intended to make SEZs an engine for economic growth supported by quality infrastructure complemented by an attractive fiscal package both at the Centre and the State level with the minimum possible regulations. 

The salient features of the SEZ scheme are:

v No licenses required for import

v Manufacturing or service activities allowed.

v SEZ units to be positive net foreign exchange earner within three years.

v Domestic sales subject to full customs duty and import policy in force.

v Full freedom for sub contracting.

v No routine examination by customs authorities of export/import cargo.

  The United Progressive Alliance (UPA) government Currently in power enacted Special Economic Zone Act, 2005 which was passed in June 2005 and came into force on 10th February 2006 with the notification of the SEZ Rule in 2006. The Act provides for drastic simplification of rules and single window clearance on matters relating to the union and state governments .The state governments have also been enacted their own SEZ laws to cover State subjects.

The Act provides for single window clearance mechanisms for developers and operators for ensuring orderly development of SEZs, the responsibility is assigned to the Board of Approval, constituted by the union Government. The Union Government may set up a SEZ on its own or on the basis of proposals of the state government or private developers after the Board of Approval has duly screened them .At the regional level, the Development Commissioner and his /her office will exercise administrative control of SEZs. The Labor Commissioner’s power is also delegated to the Development Commissioner. There is an approval committee to approve /reject /modify proposals for setting up units in SEZs. All suits of civil nature and notified offences in SEZs will be tried and settled by specially notified courts and affected parties may appeal to high courts against the orders of the designated courts. The  corporate units operating under SEZs will enjoy special privileges and protection granted by law.

          The Act offers a special fiscal package to the units set up in the SEZs. This package includes, exemption from customs duties, central excise duties, service tax, central sales taxes, and securities transaction tax to both the developer and the units set-up, tax holiday for 15 years like 100 percent tax exemption for five years ,50 percent for next five years, and 50 percent for the ploughed back export profits for the next five years.100percent income tax exemption for 10 years in a block of 15 years for SEZ developers.

 There is a three-tier administrative structure. On the top, a Board of Approval at the level of the Union Government has been set up for the functioning of the SEZs. Next an authority has been created by the state governments for creation and promotion of the infrastructure within each state. Finally, in SEZ mechanism /authority is provided for single window approval.   According to the 2005 Act, these zones can be set up by the developers, who could be private real persons, companies, both Indian and foreign, as also the State governments or the central government by themselves or jointly with private parties. It is also being envisaged that some of the existing Export Processing Zones would be converted into Special Economic Zones.  The SEZ Act, 2005 supported by SEZ Rules, has come in to effect on 10th  February 2006.

THREE CATEGORIES OF SEZ

In India SEZs are divided in to three categories, Multi-product SEZs Sector specific SEZs, Free Trade and Ware housing Zone (FTWZ). The first category signifies a SEZ where units may be set up for manufacture/rendering of services of two or more goods in a sector or good/services falling in two or more sectors. For multi-product service SEZ, a contiguous area of 100 hectares or more is required. 

The second category defined as a zone meant exclusively for one or more product/services. The minimum area requirement is 100 hectors of contiguous and vacant land. Within sector specific SEZs, Bio-technology, Gems and Jewellery, Non conventional energy, electronics, hardware and software SEZ-including IT can be set up with minimum area has been relaxed to 50 hectares for Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and, Arunachalpradesh, Uttaranchal, Sikkim, J&K, Goa and the Union Territories.

 Free trade and warehousing zone (FTWZ) is the third category which minimum area requirement is 40 hectares of contiguous and vacant land. Built up area should not be less than 10 hectares.

There are 19 functional SEZs in the country which were set up prior to SEZ Act, and 154 SEZs that were notified under SEZ Act 2005. The maximum numbers of SEZs are coming up in the IT sectorThe total land requirement for the formal approvals granted till date is approximately 44,268 hectares. Out of this, about 87 approvals are for State Industrial Development Corporations (SIDCs) State Government ventures which account for over 21,169hectares 

ISSUES RELATING SEZs IN INDIA

One of the main issue is related with SEZ is locating land for SEZs. Many state governments are in the process of establishing SEZs. The issue of displacement, that of compensation or land price, rehabilitation, residential property development and land speculation, the threat of possible relocation of units from other parts of the state to SEZs and the consequent loss of revenue have been flagged . Farmers are protesting against the forced acquisition of their lands. The development of SEZs would lead to the destruction of employment of peasants whose land will be acquired and will create very little employment for high tech or high skilled persons and total net employment generated may well be negative. Handing over thousands of hectares of land cheaply to promoters of industry and relaxing the laws of the land, including those that relate to the welfare of the industrial workers, protection of the environment, taxation, etc, would automatically promote industrialization and solve the nagging unemployment problem of the country overnight. The farmers/peasants in various states such as West Bengal, Orissa, Maharastra, and Punjab have opposed acquisition of their land for SEZs. The highest level of opposition has been observed in West Bengal when land was acquired by the state government for the Tata group at Singur and Salim group of Indonesia at Nandigram.  Besides the loss of agriculture land, concerns have also been raised about the project affected People.

Using water for SEZs is one of the major problems rising from different parts of the country. Mundra SEZ as per official website of the SEZ, it expects to get at least 6 million liters per day from the Sardar sarovar project, as promised by Gujarat water infrastructure Ltd.

The another main issue is rising from different parts of the country, the labour laws applicable to the rest of the country have been relaxed for the SEZs. The existing laws are well intentioned and they promote worker welfare. Relaxing such laws exclusively for the SEZs shows the government’s lack of conviction in its own commitment to social justice.

In some SEZs, the state governments are joint venture partners. In the case of some, special incentives by way of concessional electricity and water tariffs have been offered .In almost all the cases, valuable lands have been given away at concessional prices.

Considering the SEZ Act, it violates the letter and spirit of the Indian Constitution; it infringes the Fundamental Rights of the citizen guaranteed in part 3rd of the Constitution. Relaxation /inapplicability of many labour Laws (including under the Industrial Dispute Act, Contract Labour Act, Factories Act, Minimum wages Act, Trade Union Act), Environment (Protection) Act is inapplicable to SEZs ,No environmental clearance needed.  Violates  Panchayat Raj Act (1996) for local self government, violating laws granting rights and control to adivasi communities over their land, violating many international conventions on human rights.

To sum up, SEZs and other emerging developmental issues can be seen in a broad perspective and theoretical underpinnings of neo-liberalism. As far as Indian polity is considered the implications emerging from SEZs may cause increasing socio-political crisis because the society is far more complex than we assumed and that will result in organized or unorganized resistance and that may even cause anti-neo liberal political forces. So, in order to avoid the polarization of the society, civil society should engage to create a consensus on developmental issues. More over, in order to understand the continuities and changes that are taking place in the developmental scenario it needs further study.     

Endnotes

Bijoiny Mohanthy and S.C Hazary(Ed), Political Economy of India Retrospect and Prospects (New Delhi: APH Publ).

 S.C Hazary, Political Economy of India Retrospect and Prospects, ( New Delhi: APH Publi,1997.)

Sukhendu Mazumder, Politico-Economic Ideas of Mahatma Gandhi  (New Delhi: Concept Publishing House, 2004.).

B.Mohanan,(Ed), Gandhis Legacy and New Human Civilisation, Gyam publishing house, New Delhi,1999.

Vineetha Sharma, ‘Implications Of A Special Economic Zone on Project Affected People a case study of Reliance Haryana SEZ”, Man & Development, Vol.39,Dec,2007.

Jermy Grasset and Frederic Landy, ‘Special Economic Zones in India Between International integration and Real Estate Speculation’, Man &Development, Vol. 39,No.4, Dec, 2007.

India 2008, A Reference Annual, Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting , Govt:of India, New Delhi,2008.

Partha Mukhopadhyay, “The promised land of SEZs” Seminar, Jan, 2008

.

Sheetal Sharma and Kishan Pratap,  “ The Prosperous Few and the Pauperized Many: A Perspective on Special Economic Zones”, Mainstream, February,23-March,1,2007.

About the Author

Jipson V. Paul
MA. Politics and International Relations from M G.University Kerala
MPhil. Politics and Intrrnational Relations from M G University Kerala
Doing PhD in Pondichery Cental University Puducherry.

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Failed state

 NATIONAL DISASTER – A FAILED STATE

Preface

A country India where millions have no guarantee of living like a human being, where only Indian styled glorified titled public servants enjoy the free loot of national exchequer, NOTHING IS PEOPLE/USER FRIENDLY.  Be it Government run banking sector, IT sector, or whatever, it is just a big screw up.  Public servants as experienced for years are at liberty to extort the people and are at liberty to throw the people away from their work place.  And, this is India in 2009.

In India, in old age, my father had no pension, had no guarantee of living like a human being.

 "Freedom fighter", fighters' pension was refused by him.  By this time by leaving a glorified titled public service in India,  I had opted to live in civilized countries to prove myself and had come to see him almost every two or three years.  On such a visit, I found an envelope boldly marked O.I.G.S...

 Since our relations were like friends, I enquired about this letter.  "find it out yourself"- was the reply.  Little did I know it was a letter for offer of pension as "freedom fighter" and in line with many other Indian glorified titled papers and it was dated about four months back?  "Why didn't you sign and send it back"- I asked.  He replied "we struggled for independence on principle, not for money.  Whatever the foreign ruler was, they did not beat us up in lock up or in jail. They did not provide garbage as food.  At least they had some humanitarian feeling".

 He also added, after all, these rulers were from a foreign country. Naturally, they would like keep themselves above the locals and in history, this is quite natural. In so called independent India, members of Parliament, (some of them with criminal charges) devised VIP, VVIP, Gazetted etc., for their own identity to keep themselves separated from the people being ruled, making them free to loot the national exchequer.. Look at the present India. Sons of the soil are killing each other in one name or the other.  So called elected glorified titled public servants enjoy/loot the people, at the same living like "Raja" and "Maharajas" so are their stooges, all at the cost of "have nots"  whereas for the rest of India have guaranteed are starvation, deprivation, anarchy, lack of security what not,  and have turned poor to poorer  Are these people human being- he growled. You're my pension.

 In the process the present generation of India most of whom have degenerated to self centered foot lickers of these glorified titled public servants elected and/or appointed perhaps will call my father a "mad cap".

 I respect my dad from my heart. In my teenage I had found him working on lacks of rupees of cash completely in-charge of a business operation of a devotee of Shri Shri Ma Anandamoyee.

 His salary was INR90.00 per month.

 Surprisingly, people with high priced cars used to visit him at the slums we used to live and touch his feet with reverence and used to enjoy the food with us, that we had lintel and gourd creepers.

 Fortunately for me, as long as I was working in India with foreign oil companies there were no scope of cheating me for financial gain or otherwise, for the fact it was open expense account, and I could help the needy also.  All my employers wanted work.  It was best of my career in India.

 Having achieved a ripe age, I've nothing to regret for my deeds.

 What are the deprivations and consequently degeneration to criminal activities taken for granted in the shadow of so called Indian politics named as VVIP, VIP and their stooges, amass wealth definitely disproportionate to known earnings, and the rest who can't tow the line, sufferings, torture, even life threats are daily affair, killings, are the granted conditions of billions of people of India?

 Millions have given their life to achieve freedom for India.  To my knowledge, most are forgotten.  But, did they want this India where only glorified titled public servants elected and or appointed resort to all unscrupulous means to amass wealth even killing hundreds or thousands of their own people!

 If there is something known as God, how long will he/she tolerate this unabated torture of the sons of the soil, mass, including foreign visitors?

 Today my father did not have to witness the worsening situation of the society and that of the so called Government.  He is gone to eternity. When in India, I find myself mentally pauper.

 The way it is now, where people feel pleasure of doing damages to others,

criminals in disguise of public servants are the VIP and VVIP and what not enjoy on the fats of have nots –

"emon larak kothayo khujey pabey nako tumi,  Criminaleyr swarga setaa Bharatbhumi."  I sing, meaning, you will not find a better hell than this, this is the paradise for the criminals.  Some predicts this land India which had been subjected to be slave of others for centuries, will soon be once again.

 Disclaimer:  Whatever seen, suffered, torture imposed upon me and likewise millions of sons of the soil even to foreigners are written here.  Any personal similarities are purely coincidental.  Exceptional if any, are like my father.

 -1-

Common scenario

"Raja" the Chief Minister of an Indian province in Indian terms is known as VVIP of a country number wise the biggest democracy in the world  with red beacon and screaming sirens is having a ride with a chauffer driven car, escorted by tens of cars of Police forces, paramilitary forces all having automatic killing weapons.  Even the personal bodyguard has automatic killing machine. And the cyclist who happened to be on the way was beaten up mercilessly by the police and left on the road. 

The so called ambulance does not have any right of way and press reports indicate that these are used to carry arms of weapons for the hired goons locally called "cadres".

 Raja lives in a house at the cost of national exchequer near a forest conservatory.  One pregnant jackal started howling at night and immediately a Superintendent of Police (these people head the police force in a District) shot the jackal.  Little did the pregnant jackal know that Raja is living there and she will be shot on expressing her happiness?  One wonders, what little good this Superintendent of Police he did for the mass of have nots?

 Surprisingly, the Constitution of India says that all are equal before the eye of the law.

 The so called law has been circumvented by few elected people by raising their hands in the Parliament  and these people are called VIP, VIPs and what not.

 Although a local High Court in Delhi has ruled that these people are not national assets, hence such luxuries, pomp and grandeur at the cost of national exchequer must stop.  But who cares?

After all, these people are VVIPS, VIPS in Indian terms, law of the land, and, in practice ruling of the court, is not applicable to these people.

People get charged for falsely by the police if opportune arises and/or if ordered by the so called VVIP, VIP and their stooges.

 Incase a criminal is caught most of whom are patronized by the so called VVIP, VIP and or stooges, the police let him free on order from higher ups.  Of course, there is no documentation or record for such orders.  What poor policemen are going to do?  After all they salute these people for reasons best known to them. Besides, criminals caught intimidate the witnesses with dire consequence if they dare tell the truth before the court of law.  Police is there to protect the public servants known as VVIP, VIP and many other local glorified titled public servants.  In reality, they're not to provide protection to the common people.

 "You fool don't you realize that "Raja" and his stooges will be at the top luxurious conditions and will have assets so that next fourteen generations all at the cost of national exchequer so that they can have the same life is the accepted practice here"- somebody retorted.  This is unbelievable in a democratic society.  But, this is the fact of life, here in India. Who cares if some die in starvation, who cares if somebody gets killed by the so called stooges of these VIPs, VIPs, who cares if you get robbed right in front of police station/s, who cares if one gets raped?  When asked by the press "Raja" answers these do happen everywhere.  Accepted, but where is the law and order and justice, financial compensation for these losses. "We can't afford" is the reply of "Raja".  But Raja and their stooges can blow away billions from national exchequer for their own ends to meet.

 Who cares about accountability? Who cares about the stinks raised by the Comptroller and Auditor General?

 Raja and their stooges have luxurious foreign trips in one pretext or other, be it medical ground, be it sons/daughters schooling, be it in name of foreign investments and the pretences are endless, all of course, at the cost of national exchequer.

 Raja and their stooges all glorified titled public servants have endless expenses for their telephones, colonial style living, colonial style guest houses free meals and who pays for all these, the billions who gets practically nothing from the national exchequer.

 Of course there are endless commissions set up, normally headed and/or members by the political parties (the fact states, hardly there are politics over here, rather "criminalitics" a word based on the reality) supposed to find the facts and most of the findings of these commissions are not law binding.  Everything is national secrets, even the expenses of these Rajas and their stooges. And, very recently there had been a law "Right to freedom of Information".  Like all laws here, who cares? And, which judge in India is going to put on trial the Rajas.  Most likely, he'll not be a judge in the same court next day. And the next judge taking over the hearing will find nothing wrong and exonerate the Rajas and their stooges with honor.

 And, if there are proofs that are hard to be refuted by the judge, the case will be never ending and meanwhile Rajas and stooges with all criminal charges hold public offices continue having free lunch and luxuries until the case is disposed of by the court which may take 30 years if not more.  What a justice! In name of fundamental right glorified titled disguised criminals can go up to Supreme Court of the country even for getting a bail. There's no non appeal able ruling of the court, even in case of Consumer court. Imagine the condition of a daily wage earner, can they afford to fight for injustices in stages to Supreme Court of the country!  Of course, in law books it is written that these people will be provided with free legal service.  As the people say, it's not that simple.  Even here, the bosses of "criminilitics" and their stooges have the final say, people tell me. 

 District level and or state level or even in national level what services are provided to the people is "god's guess" but definitely all services are guaranteed to VIPs, VIPs and their stooges.  This is the practice and reality in today's India.

Even a Municipal Chairman enjoys the same luxuries and free lunch and dare sanction all kinds of illegal activities such as violating all national building codes, in violation basic principle of engineering digging up the roadside soil for the water to log for mosquito breeding, Environmental Pollution with immunity and people say, either by the orders of the higher up of practitioners of "criminalitics" and or by greasing the palms.

 By international pressure many new laws have been implemented by the Government of India and insiders say all on the pressure of civilized nations who grant aids and or loans to India.  Among these is the centralized provident fund for all industrial workers, Human Rights, Consumer protection, Environmental Protection act, Right to Information, and so on.

 Dhop Dhop Ram Fatfatwala (fictitious name) owns jute mills manned my hundreds of worker.  And Mr. Fatfatwala has not deposited the fund of the workers to the Central Provident fund and consequently the central provident fund commissioner issues an arrest warrant.  Rajas come in the picture and orders police not to arrest him.  The jute mill was closed and Mr.Fatfatwala is out of the province to devise another scheme to loot the national exchequer and or cheating the common people. The workers die in starvation or forced to enlist themselves in the "goon squad" of the Rajas in name of politics. This scenario is taken for granted by the mass of India for the fact they have no other choice.

 Excepting few tenacious and right doing and thinking people who can fight forever even in some cases 20 or 30 years and meanwhile if one is not dead by natural process and/or get killed, may be there may be some justices and/or remedies.  The rest suffer in mute.

 One Central Police Officer had the guts to arrest one of the Rajas of a province and put him in jail with umpteen numbers of criminal charges.  Of course, for the Raja the jail was an air-conditioned government bungalow with all luxuries as enjoyed and this Raja was set free by the court on bail.  Who knows what happened to criminal charges, but this provincial Raja has a cozier place in the Central Cabinet Ministry.  It had been years. 

 Local papers state that this man is a management guru and goes to lecture to Harvard University and what not.

 Once a clerk of a biscuit manufacturing company, the nincompoop son of a Raja had a desire to go into business to enlist him as industrialist a fancy name coined the local political personnel and their stooges. Nationalized banks granted him billions of local funds and god only knows what happened to those funds and what industry had been set up.  This Rajputra (son of Raja) is now known to be in UK with all legalized paper to stay there.

 After all, as claimed, this is biggest democracy in the world!

 Hearsay is that one of the Raja had a Barrister-at-law title from UK.  But the local competition is tough to gain any ground in the legal sector.

He opted to wear a torn shirt got some followers and used to move in slums claiming he is the savior of the poor.  He taught his followers the slogans like "break it down, grind it down", "it will not work", "our demands must be met" at the same he taught to burn the buildings, transports, and what not!

 And, this savior of the poor had been Raja, freeloading and luxuries for more than 30 years.

 Another Raja who was dethroned manipulated to put her nearly illiterate (as I had seen, and heard, university degrees with right connections are for sale and or offered) wife as Chief Minister of the province.

 These so called democratic Rajas had been reigning at least for last 60 years.  And, India's freedom had been for 60 years.

 In all other democratic countries that I had lived, visited, I did not see any VIPs, VIPs and did not see anybody being escorted by Armed Police and paramilitary forces.  Even a police constable can arrest anybody found breaking laws, irrespective of Ministers, Secretaries, Janitors.

 After all, India is the biggest democracy in the world they claim!

 Is it the biggest anarchy of the world?

As I have heard the definition somewhere, I quote, "for the criminals, by the criminals of the criminals….".

 -2-

How it had been working so long!

The so called political parties (better stated in reality, criminal parties) have infiltrated in all spheres of administration having a parallel political administration with that of established machinery of public service set by British Raj. These are so called elected (some elected at gunpoint, coercion, intimidation, and what not, and other unfair means, a locally acceptable methods) parallel administration is termed as administrative reforms in disguise to provide service, even criminal (as had been reported in the press) to meet need of the every members of the party, including hiring unlicensed armed goons in name of party workers, who massacre innocent people who do not tow the line of "criminalitics", in front of the police forces where police is a silent spectator.

 After all, the way it is, Police is the stooges of Rajas and police dare not intervene.  Police will extort, harass, and lay false charges who oppose the activities of Rajas and their stooges and or to people who hardly make even one time food/day.

 If Rajputras (Rajas' son) is pick-pocketed police will definitely recover the purse within an hour. It's guaranteed.  In anybody else's case who cares?

After all, police have won the right to form union from the Rajas and like local appointed public service have guaranteed pay cheque for life, without providing safety and service to the mass.

 And, this is the largest democracy of the world!

 This is the scenario in every sphere of Public Service. They are there to salute the Rajas and their stooges and provide service in a flick of a moment to them even if it is criminal.

 Al Capone, the criminal king of the then USA, Gestapo of Germany's Hitler, a cobbler's son, Nicolae Ceausescu of Romania, (by mass uprising he and his wife Elena were executed by firing squad)  Saddam Husseinof Iraq, who was hanged to death, are perhaps the most nearest examples one can find equivalent to scenario in India.

 The so called political parties have established network of party workers some call "goon squads" with illegal automatic killing weapons from village level to top hierarchy of the administration.  These all have fancy local names with immunity to all criminal activities from the state police and only the unfortunate ones get identified by the individual exemplary Central Police.

 Again, the funny thing is that Central Police can not take up any criminal investigation until and unless it is blessed by the Rajas and/or one goes through the High Court procedures and in some cases, these are objected to by the state administration of Rajas.

 Again, hearsay is that Central Police is also not beyond the scope of the all unethical practices of local public service. Exceptions if any, are there but, statistically they don't count.

 All the laws of the land are meant to be ignored with immunity by the so called political workers some term them as "goon squad" who has the patronage of the law and order and of course administration.

 Rajas party is having a public meeting.  Children from primary schools, teachers, local professors, farmers, and who not, all the members are shipped by "goon squads" of the Rajas commonly known as cadres/leaders and their stooges the public meeting at the order of Rajas and their stooges.

Who cares about the schooling and suffering of children and other functions of public service?  Who cares about the inconvenience of the public, who cares about the noise level generated?  Who cares about gathering of millions of people in already overcrowded city. Of course, there are laws for it.  Who will implement it, as long as it is done by the "goon squad"/cadres of the Rajas and their stooges? Who cares about the Environmental Pollution, right to leave in peace and whatever fancy words are printed in the constitution of the country.

 And, changing the constitution of the country, India, is very easy. For the convenience of the so called elected they'll raise their hands to change the constitution for their own free looting and luxuries.

 In other civilized countries, as I had observed, once the national parliament approves a change in the constitution of the country it must be approved unanimously by all provincial assemblies.  Even one objection from the provincial assemblies makes the proposed change null and void.

If the central government feels that it is for the betterment of the mass it has option to put on referendum for the people to give their "yes" or "no". The constitution can only be changed and the law can only be changed if it is accepted by the referendum, not held at gun point, or intimidation or whatsoever.

 In reality, public service is there to salute and provide services to the VIPs, VIPs and their stooges.  Run around for months, years, and being thrown out of office and or police station are very common scenario.  And, the way it is people has no choice to avoid the public service and the public servants, either elected and or appointed in general, are habitual liars, extortionists, procrastinated, and it appears that these people are there to harass the public, not to provide them service until and of course their unwritten conditions are met.  Even if you grease the palm of these public servants, there is no guarantee that your needs will be taken care of. Exceptions do exist and they don't count and hardly allowed to get things done.

 There hardly exists any humanitarian feeling and helping fellow humans. Those who are still left with human qualities are scorned and barrage of slang are thrown upon them and, if police finds a scope to extort or to implicate the innocents they'll also show their color.

 Procedural law and order:

There are no securities for the people. Even the odd balls police officer take a humanitarian view, he has nothing to go by.  He/She has one stick his hand. He can not shoot to protect your life, that's the practice not the police Act enacted by the British Raj and modified by the present rulers, as it appears, to use the police as their slave.

 There are reports in the press in state run government hospitals for granted reasons Autopsy reports are fabricated, so are the Forensic reports. This science only exists in the book, so is the DNA reports.  To get these tests done from reliable source is a highly expensive affair for the individual. One is lucky enough to get a person or persons with integrity.

 In summary, lawlessness and looting of the national exchequer is an accepted way of life.  People are beaten to death by the mob (goon) squad in public anybody objecting to it, subject to face the same situation. If one can afford the prohibitive cost and dares to go to judiciary, it is experienced that highest judiciary of the Province locally known as High Court, overlook the proven points in the judicial application and let the applicant go in circles a never ending process which may not materialize in one life's term.  JUDICIARY IS A NIGHT MARE IF YOU DON'T HAVE BILLIONS.  If one does not have billions, can not get justice if it is against the state machinery, irrespective of violating all the rules and laws of the land.

 And as per the World Bank data, per capita income is $1.06/day.

 Humanity was the backbone of Indian Culture from Vedic era.  That's history. After all, this is the largest democracy of the world!

-3-

-Public service and or Public undertakings.

Few examples:

 Food and food supplies:  There is a food rationing system by the state governments by providing ration identity cards.  Even if you've one, there is nothing in the ration shop for your family.  As per the press reports supplies from the government storages are distributed to retailers in the market with the market price.  As the ration shop keepers claim that they have to do this to satisfy the greed of local members of the "goon squad" in name of "criminalitics".Even to get a ration card identity it is a process of never ending but by the members of "criminalitics"and their stooges have a way with it with no time lost.

 With IT catching up with the rest of the world, I was told by a IT professional that they've discussions with the Rajas' stooges to have the ration card issued digitized and at the same, they've been told that there are more than 20 million false cards and these have to be accommodated in the IT system, to be legalized.

 Adulteration of all food products, it appears is an accepted way of life.

Be it milk, edible oil, whatever.  As experienced, and as per the press reports life saving medicines are also adulterated. Even rotten fish, uncertified live animals are butchered publicly and sold.

 Again there are thousand and one public servants to check on it.  It's anybody's guess what they do and/or what they're allowed to do by the practioners of "criminalitics".

 Education:

 Private schools approved and recognized by the local government for Medical, Engineering, Law, Management, IT, and what not have sprung up all over the country.  Experience indicates in these private schools one who can afford to pay the extraordinary entrance and tuition (in comparison to state run schools and fees) fees have access to it and get out with all kinds of degrees.  Students in these schools what do they learn, is anybody's guess?  This is one of the good businesses to get in to suck the public if you've the clout and capital investment. But they get public service with guaranteed pay cheque irrespective of output and or service to the public.

 Be it High School students or higher classes, in general they've no respect for the elders, no respect for the laws, not even self respect, not even the teachers, as I observed.  No manners, no ethics and even hard to believe they possess any humanitarian quality. In general they find it a pride to throw slang at ladies, elders, disabled, and what not?  As experienced, poisoning somebody's pets, throwing stones at window panes, even hand made bombs, threatening with life, is their pride.  They invariably show respect and salute the practitioner of "criminalitics" and their stooges and "goon squad". 

 Even most of the teachers keep silent about it, so are most of the law and order keepers.

Exceptions, if any, are known as mad caps.

 Leaving aside few state run well renowned autonomous learning institutions, it had been observed anybody can have a degree by one way or the other and hold different local high sounding public service, of course with local blessings of practitioner of "criminalitics".

 Communications, Telephone and IT:

 This was a monopoly by the public service until recently. Billions are spent from the national exchequer for members of Rajas and their stooges.  People are burdened with fictitious bills and I am told the local law says that you pay the bill first then only the telephone provider will talk.  Most of the web address of the Government Departments don't function. And the service provider a Government business do not care to provide service and scrupilious enough to pass one's data to another for few Rupees (in case of Internet) to charge fictitiously and if you go to court it's another nightmare.

 One does not have any choice to go to court of law to sort out, if at all, in their lifetime.

 Medical:

 As usual, Rajas and members of the family and some public servants who are likely to be stooges of "criminalitics" have free medical even in the costliest paid hospitals and or nursing homes.  Some even go to developed countries of course at the cost of national exchequer to get cured and or for medical treatment.  As seen in the press advertisement, they recruit VIP doctors at the All India Institute of Medical science in New Delhi.

 Mass goes to local government run hospitals that are controlled by "goon squad" in name of "criminalitics".

 Even the worst victims of accidents and or mishap can get no treatment or admitted in the hospital if it is not patronized and blessed with "goon squad" and or practitioner of "criminalitics".

 They meet with the eternity in helpless conditions.  The local press is full of news with these news and news of massacre by the "goon squad" where police is either a silent observer or intentionally not present.

 Most state run Government hospitals stink with urine and stool smells and smells of piling garbage.  Even stray diseased dogs and cats find a shelter in the hospitals and medicine stores nearby as people say, sell medicines at exorbitant prices and insiders say that these are medicines that come from government storage to hospitals for the patients.

 About 25 years back I took a patient with swallowing poison to such a government run sub-divisional hospital and the so called doctor attending the patient never heard of a stomach pump and the patient had to die.

 If one goes to court of law to seek redress, the so called local Indian Medical Association will find nothing wrong with the failing doctors for malpractice and or willful negligence.  Very recently a visiting NRI doctor a Professor in Medical College in USA, got his sick wife admitted to a highly expensive medical facility at Calcutta where she died as per the NRI doctor for negligence and malpractice of the doctors.  He took to them court of law and got them jailed.  But the state High Court let these doctors free and as per the press, Indian Medical Association got nothing wrong with these doctors.  It appears all are in hand and glove.

 To add, the local press was full of scorn, false accusations, about this NRI doctor.

 My efforts to start a manufacturing unit with the help of American MNC met with all kinds of handouts, extortions, laying fabricated criminal charges, and the list is endless. And, added to it, were the standard slogans with red flags as taught by practitioner of "criminilitics".  I just ran out of the country after clearing all the criminal charges and greasing the palms as required and fortunately for me, I found an advocate (who is a High court Judge now) took pity on me and in state High Court, I was cleared of all charges.  But the local judiciary in sub-divisional level who was influenced by the members of "criminalitics", who had no reasons and or legal ground not to dismiss the charges, did not do so.  This so called sub-divisional judicial magistrate/judge died of cancer and he is fondly called by the bar association as "cancer ghosh".

 As is seen, state police is just the slaves of the masters of "criminalitics"so called elected public servants and their stooges, in India commonly known as VVIP, VIP and what not.  They've no respect of the law of the land and the so called Constitution.

 Besides, even police catches hardened criminals, there will be no witness in the court for the fact, and the "goon squad" has thrown life threat ultimatum to these witnesses, with life, wife, daughter, son and what not! Police do not protect the witnesses.  After all, police is busy as they say "VVIP duty".  Mass do not count.

 Infrastructure:

 In most parts of the country the roads maintained by the public service are beyond imagination to drive upon, even bicycling.  Ministers and their stooges portray their images with all big sounding words in the press unveiling the beginning of a project by spending millions from national exchequer and that project it appears is never ending and in the process, finds allocated for the project is siphoned off. In spite of all kinds of acts, like Environmental pollution act, Safety, it is taken for granted.  The head of the municipality definitely of ruling goon squad, orders taking out the soil in front of the house supposed to be green area and sell it.  This is definitely a crime and against all Engineering norms to weaken the foundations of residential houses.  Police is a silent on looker and when written complaints are provided to Police which they normally refuse to acknowledge and file suit at the court from experience they appear, are just deaf.  For years, the roads plying heavy vehicles had subsided and instead of bringing the road to the "as built" condition the local members of the "goon squad" finds all kinds of excuses of digging out the soil and haul it. And get some money for it.  Most public servants with the title of Engineers are not regulated any professional organization.  At the whims of "goon squad" anybody can be a Engineer without having any professional recognition.

 What does one expect from this scenario?  Infrastructure funds are for purchases of personal cars, houses and what not?

 These people change the master plan of the municipality to their advantage (mostly money), even though there's order of the Supreme Court of India that nobody is authorized to change the master plan of a locality.

 Water Supply:

 If there is water on your tap, one is lucky to have mud, worms and all kinds of bacteria and viruses in the water supply.  It is taken for granted.  There are umpteen numbers of glorified titled public servants to ensure that everything is done in line with the standardized norms but, who's going to stand against the head of the institution that belongs to the groups of Rajas' goon squad?

After all, they'll want to live in peace and have their eyes closed.

 Once in Calcutta, I was witnessing a large diameter pipeline being laid and there was a fellow standing like a hero supposedly to be some kind of Engineer and or Supervisor.  When I asked "what's this going on, this is not being done by engineering norms".  He showed me the office of the local Superintending Engineer nearby and asked me to tell it to him.  Since, by this time my eyes have opened about the "hand in glove", and this project was funded by the World Bank, I just fired a letter to then World Bank president Robert McNamara.

 By this time I was gone to my work to civilized countries.  Robert McNamara came to Calcutta and enquired about me and did what he thought prudent to be done.

 Public transport:

 It is regulated by the state vehicles department.  Even the routes are allocated by the members of the "goon squad".  In residential area these vehicles pass by with electric horns to make a dead to stand on its feet and emanating all emissions both of which are against the Environmental Act and the Master plan of the locality.

 As reported in the press, some state run public buses don't have route permits.  Well, they say, it's just the system.

 Local, glorified titled public servants' roads are blocked by putting iron bars so that no heavy vehicle can pass through.

 Economy:

 There are kinds of statistics, figures thrown in the press by all concerned including VIPs, VIPs and their stooges indicating a 10% annual growth.  Good.  If so, why mass suffers without any basic guarantees of life, added with extortions, killings, tortures and what not, and the so called VIPs, VIPs and their stooges loot the national exchequer!

 Of course, this is the biggest democracy of the world!  (Depends on the definition of democracy).

 -4-

State runs businesses:

 Banking:

State run banks do give a damn about customers.  Employees, bank tellers, are just gossiping and talking to each other about their girls and the customers are standing in mute in line.

 If objected to, state run members of the "criminalitics" who manages the state run unions roughs up the public and unhesitatingly roughs the manager of the bank if he/she takes any disciplinary action against the defaulting employee.

 In 40 years in civilized countries I had no discrepancy with my banking.  None of my requests were ignored.  My monthly remittance to India to Indian nationalized bank for supporting the people India had no discrepancy in inward remittances.  Few remittances were missing.  The reply of the guaranteed pay cheque holder of the Indian bank with a fancy title sternly replied to me it is your bank that did not remit.  How am I going to make this glorified title holders of state run Indian banks that this do not happen in civilized countries.  I just closed my a/c and looked for better of the evils.

 I wrote a cheque for my housekeeper and asked her to deposit it to her account in a state run bank.  She never saw that money.  For years, I'd to fight in the court of law to get that money.

 There are no limits of harassments and damages caused by the Public sectors and the locals take it for granted.  Why they don't have "hire and fire" if the clients (in this case public) are not provided with service? Who's going to do it?  As per press reports quite a good number of MPs, MLAs, have umpteen numbers of criminal charges.  But they are still MPs, MLAs, so called law makers.

 It appears that public service in India are there to push peoples' backs in the wall and in every step of life. Either the mass suffer in mute or those who can and still have finance and energy and time eternal, go to the court of law as a last recourse.  Not that this is a panacea or remedy but one doesn't have any choice.

 Exceptions are hard to come by.

Transportation:

Railway implemented in India by the British Raj has developed into one of the largest network of railways in the world.

 Like the King George VI, the Railway Minister takes the whole train accompanied by all attendants, personal assistants, Secretaries, and all luxuries, automatic weapon armed security personnel and what not.

 The mass hangs on the hand rails of the railway compartments at the peril of the life and some even travel on top of the train to get electrocuted for the fact there is no room in the railway compartments.

 Well, after all a VVIP, VIP and their stooges, by Indian practice can do so.  Let the mass go to hell, is the clear message every time. Even the sons, daughters, and any other relatives of the railway minister just forces themselves into the air-conditioned compartments of the railway, and paying for it?  You must be joking.  After all they're minister's relatives. The ticket checker has only one head on his shoulder.

 Some railway employees take it granted to have their palms greased.

 Air:

 I was having a return ticket by Air India to India and back.  I had confirmed reservation at Ashoka Hotel in Mumbai.  When asked for the hotel to the Air India employee at Mumbai, "yahaa so jaon" (sleep here) was the reply, and he showed me the floor.

 There are VIP lounges at the Airports free of cost for the Indian glorified titled public servants.

 At New Delhi my connecting confirmed reservation by Indian Airlines was denied by the booking clerk (boarding pass issuer).  A slip of INR100.00 note to the porter did the trick.  I got my boarding pass.

 On return journey from Mumbai, sitting behind me I had lady passenger going to New York and she had a baby crying continuously from Mumbai.  She had the calling button pressed and the red light was on. In three or four rows before me there were Indian couple sitting and all the air hostesses, it appeared to me were performing "Bharat natyam"and serving all kinds of drinks, snacks without caring about the crying baby, and the rest of the passengers of a near empty Boeing 747.

 My conclusion that this couple was flying at the cost of national exchequer, i.e. freeloaders and must be glorified titled public servants of India was right. When in international territory, I objected to baby's crying, and non existent of service. Baby's mother needed some hot water to make milk to feed the baby. The captain of the flight apologized.  I'd flown pretty well in all airlines in the world.  This experience one can get only in India and in Air India.

 Good bye Air India.

 I had a mind to report it to Heathrow Airport and other international bodies but I just philosophized "no matter what washes are done, coal will not change its color".

 My schedule for five days at Sanfrascico was cancelled. Since there were no queue in first class booking counter I approached the booking clerk (I was not rudely challenged, as I had experienced in the state run Airlines of India, by the booking clerk why have I got into this counter, since I don't have a first class ticket) to help me out. My ticket from Sanfracisco to India was immediately rebooked next day by Singapore Airlines at no cost and since my flight arrived late at night in Sanfracisco by Aleyska Airlines; the booking clerk of Singapore Airlines politely provided me complimentary hotel and transportation, although it was not there responsibility. The Airline showed a humanitarian gesture.

 My flight from Edmonton to Calgary was late and the connecting flight to Sanfracisco already left.  Air Canada without any hassle provided with a free five star hotel with food for the night and taxi to and from the hotel and ensured that I'd a confirmed reservation from Edmonton to Sanfracisco and by Singapore Airlines, the next day.

How does it compare with Air India showing me the floor to sleep in at Mumbai Airport, and the crying baby not getting hot water to make milk for feed?

 One Maharaja (locally known as Prime Minister) of India used to fly with two Boeing 747 accompanied with whomsoever he liked and the logic provided to mass is that in case one has technical trouble, Maharaja can take the other one.

 And, the rest of the majority of populations of his kingdom are below poverty level even by Indian standard, let it not be compared with developed countries.

 By laws of average, Rajas and Maharajas of India and their kin and stooges have a free lunch, luxuries, wealth disproportionate to their income.  In practice, they're above the laws of the land.

Mineral trading in international scenario:

 Iron ore exported with more than 70% Fe contents are reported to have been received at destination with 50% Fe contents.  After all, these are controlled by all regulatory authorities at both ends.  This scenario is very common in all raw minerals trading.

 Energy:

 a. Coal mining is a national sector.  Billions are siphoned off by the mafia from the coal mines and some even have their organized gang with automatic weapon to kill anybody they like.  Rajas, Maharajas and their stooges have, as they say, have their share.

 b. Power generation and distribution:

 Input versus output is nobody's business.  Propaganda flies all around in all media that some power plants are operating at 150% efficiency factor. Whereas in reality it does not even function at 30% efficiency.

 At the whims of the Rajas and Maharajas power generation units are located even where there is not sufficient water to have one boiler feed of water.  So what? Rajas divert the ever drying river to the power plant site.

 In blatant violation of public safety, naked aluminum conductors are run through localities for distribution to households.  Monkeys, passers by get electrocuted and become dead and by local practice it's taken for granted.

 It is told that in locality where Rajas and Maharajas and stooges live safety norms are followed.

 Whereas Rajas, Maharajas and their stooges have uninterrupted power supply, in some areas people will be lucky to have six hours' of power supply, of course at the cost of national exchequer, some call it "free lunch" at the cost of mass who have guaranteed starvation, deprivation, torture and what not? One will be lucky to have 60 watt unit run in constant voltage.

 Unending greed and corruption, guarantee of protection of "goon squad" in different fancy names, guaranteed inefficiency and guarantee of pay cheque are the backbone of all this practice for years since so called independence of India.

 Rajas and Maharajas and their stooges don't have to bother about their own needs.  Special units are there to ensure that communications, power supply, transportations, luxuries and what not are at top conditions. For the consumer, to have an electric meter functioning properly must be a miracle and fictitious billing is just an accepted way of life.  One has to run around in never ending circles to have the meter checked, and here comes two persons so called meter expert with a light bulb to check the meter?  Telephone requests if answered, do not work.

 As per the local information and the local press stolen transformers of State Electricity Board are sold back to State Electricity Boards.  Again, as per the local reports, spent oil from the transformers are mixed with edible mustard oil to smell it like mustard oil.

 Liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon:

 For the last 50 years it had been a monopoly of state.  Adulterations of the product at the retail outlet, manipulation of metering units are just very common business.

 With international liquid hydrocarbon sky rocketing prices one wonders how every Joe Blow has cars like ships and how do they maintain it?

 And as per UNO statistics the average per capita income of a person in India, is not even $400/year.

 Of course VIPs, VIPs and their stooges don't have to bother about it?

It's all at the cost of national exchequer.

-5-

-Bitter medicines-

 From personal knowledge, lot of people of Indian origin suggested in writing to government of India to implement the following:

 (a)    Issuance of Social Insurance numbered card to everybody resident in India.

 (b)    These days IT being the backbone any administration, this number will be tagged with all government departments, i.e. police, judiciary, banking, income tax, social benefits such as medical, medicines, election and what not. Not the present "hotch potch" system of voter identity cards, ration cards, PAN cards and these as one can see is there to manipulate at the convenience of so called elected and their stooges. 

(c)    This will enable to have some control of the situation of anarchy.

 (d)     Implement "hire and fire" in public service (in this case public) complain.

  (e)    In name of democracy abolish parallel administration of "criminalitics" from village level to top hierarchy.

 (f)       The question is, if any Joe Blows are elected in peoples' vote why would they need security from the public?

 If people are elected by the people, not at "gun point" and / or other coercive method/s why would they need protection?   In all the democratic countries nobody excepting "Head of the State" gets any police protection.

 (h)    Why ambulance and fire brigade is not escorted by police vehicles?

 (i)      Why so called elected and or glorified titled public servants will be spared to face the law like anybody in the country.  Abolish important status and what not.  In democratic country and society who's more important that others.

 (j)      Who's got the right to violate others' right to live in peace and all other rights that a state must guarantee to its residents.

 (k)    Public service is there to provide service to the public not to harass them or push their backs in the wall, a locally standard practice.

 (l)      Those who can afford, why people as a last resort to go to court of law for any public servants' wrong doing? Why the departmental heads and the responsible Minister do not take remedial steps for any complaints filed by the people? If needed, to show the door.

 (m) In other civilized society as I had seen persons charged with criminal

      charges are not allowed to hold any public office. Look at India?

 (n) It is mandatory in other developed countries that no public servant

      can hold two public offices.

 (o) With national social security numbers, if these super intelligent

people, does not create fabricated national social security numbers there are no scopes of "black money" and or benami (fictitious names) bank accounts and properties spread all over the world.

(p) It appears that cancer has spread in every cells of the national body,       and the question is "who has the desire and guts of curing" it?

All the people are talking about ICBMs, Environment and what not all big

sounding words.  For years after writing to so many doctorates who heads national

and provincial Environmental Protection, I had to seek the recourse of the Kolkata

High Court and surprisingly, (as I know the reality now, it is no surprising to me)

one of the judges rejected my writ petition under article 226 of the Constitution of

India and in the Divisional Bench it was referred to District Magistrate whom I wrote

about a decade back and it was attached with my writ petition.  What a justice now? 

Meanwhile I had been squeezed to death financially by the so called advocates.

Who cares about these big words Microchips, ICBMs, Polymer applications in

Engineering which are very common knowledge these days when everywhere it is

apparent law of the land and International laws are broken with impunity in India and

people die of starvation, lack of  medical treatment.

Let India first learn the science of Human Science and Engineering as a law then

only it can justify its standing in the world.

-6-

Where it is heading to?

 Years back I transferred technology, to the Ministry of Mines and Minerals,(name changes and not practicable for me to keep track) and a Indian Professional body asked my permission to have it published in their journal.

 Assuming that the concerned ministry of Govt. of India had agreed to implement the technology, I wrote a registered letter to the concerned minister stating that I will have the technology implemented with Indian source and manpower and any fees they're willing to pay may please be remitted to my father (who was then living).  As usual in line with Indian scenario it was not replied.

 One American Engineering organization's business development manager, one of my ex-coworkers, invites me for lunch near my work place.  Surprisingly, he produced a photocopy of my report and said they've the job and their opinion was asked about the report. On my enquiry he replied "we've only one skin on our back and ethically, how can we say anything different, you're in North America and we are working for you on the same technology".

 "How is that possible"- I enquired.  It's simple. The minister was here and we did what is to be done.

 I and many of my associates, friends of Indian origin had witnessed many such incidents in our lives.

 Again, when Rajsthan Atomic Power Project was being constructed by Atomic Energy of Canada, having involved in such projects all over the world, I opted to go to Rajsthan and take a working role.  In Canada, the head of the project invited me to have lunch with him.  "Hey we know you, but you'll not be able to get anything done over there for the fact you're of Indian origin.  Even we send a white brick layer from here; over there, all of them will call him Sir, and get the job done".  Such facts are endless.

 Now the question is how long this will continue?

 In Vedas (Gita) it's stated that I (God) come to this world to destroy the evils and protect the humane religion.

 Again, God get it done by us.  And when the people of India are going to awaken up and do the justification to the so called "biggest democracy of the world".

 To make stunts here and there, few missiles are fired.  One or few nuclear explosions are done.  Communication satellites are lunched and at the cost of millions of national exchequer all local Rajas, Maharajas and their stooges are welcome at any place with red carpet welcome and garlands whereas, the mass have deprivation, starvation, torture, extortions, and millions of other evils for granted.

 Is it not a "failed state" where people do not have the guaranteed basic needs of life?  They're guaranteed of starvation, to be bitten by street dogs at Government run hospitals, not treated by medical doctors, if in trouble with "goon squad" the uniformed "goon squad" locally known as police are not there to help, and the list of evils and inhumanity is never ending.

 In 1960s "Hindi-Chini bhai bhai" (India and China are brothers) a slogan originated by the then prime minister of India Nehru, when China butchered the Indian soldiers (I was working in the area then and mandatory salary deduction for defense at that time deposited in bank is a lost cause for me) occupied part of India, still under their occupation, is going to be repeated, or other courses of nature will dictate itself to bring justice to the people of India.  In Mahabharata kaurabs destructed themselves.

 Forget all the tyranny that had been on since 60 years' of so called inpendence of India.

 Let India learn to take care of its residents not the VIPs, VIPs and their stooges with glorified titles in Public Service and the "goon squad" of practitioners of "criminalitics" locally known as politics.

 It must be done forthwith. Time has run out.  Otherwise, history repeats itself. Hope it does not end up like that.

Here are few instances.

--- On Wed, 5/11/11, Aurovindo Choudhury <ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca> wrote:

From: Aurovindo Choudhury <ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca>
Subject: Fw: What a hoax of democracy, judiciary and Public Service?
To: "Aurovindo" <ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca>
Received: Wednesday, May 11, 2011, 6:34 AM

--- On Wed, 5/11/11, Aurovindo Choudhury <ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca> wrote:

From: Aurovindo Choudhury <ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca>
Subject: What a hoax of democracy, judiciary and Public Service?
To: "Aurovindo" <ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca>
Received: Wednesday, May 11, 2011, 4:55 AM

 

http://indiandemocracy-aurovindo.blogspot.com/2009/09/is-democracy-for-criminals-by-criminals_24.html

The Statesamn, May 10, 2011 reports that an ex  Mayor of a Chinese City has been sentenced to death and all assets were confiscated by the Chinese judiciary.

Will this ever happen in India ?

  Laws of India are a maize of confusions (purported to the advantage of vested interest groups, who had been governing the country for more than 5 decades  who by law, are not equal(ALTHOUGH THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COUNTRY STATES"ALL ARE EQUAL BEFORE THE EYES OF LAW", but the reality is one needs this sanction, that sanction to get justice and that JUSTICE IS NOT, NOT GURANTEED,  OF COURSE IF ONE CAN NOT afford to  waste/ SPEND MILLIONS (where per capita income is not even $100.00/yr as per international statistics).

There again, as proven with my own experience and as per reports of mass media, like all systems in India , the integrity of the judiciary is in doubt.  Judges take arbitrary decision and judgments, of course to please the political bosses (press and media reports are full of it).  Miscarriage of Justice is a common phenomenon. Supreme court Justice Markanday Katju and Mrs Justice Gyan Sudha Misra on May 10, 2011 had made a ruling that subordinate judiciary is corrupt.

Thousands of examples can be given for draconian laws from British Raj (they say it is independent India, independent only the laws made in Independent for the glorified titled public servants who are known as VIP,VVIPS and what not, free everything,  given different types of security all at the cost of have nots.).

To mention a few,  People  are  extorted,  tortured, and thrown  out of  their fixed  assets  in name  of  Land  acquisition  Act  from the British  Raj.

Judiciary  in  general  always  take  refuge under  this law, and  Telegraph  Act  of  British  Raj,  the  laws  have  no relevance  to  the  so called  Independent  India.

Public service by practice is to harass and extort the people.  In name of e-governance websites are full of wrong ids, addresses, and who cares to reply!

This is the epic of modern India .

And  there are  lots  of  propaganda  going  against  corruption  and  the  Prime  Minister  of  the  country  states  that  he  does  not  know.

Most  glorified  titled  public  servants  by laws  of  average  are  tied  to  large  corruption,  and  local  petty  corruption  are  tied  to  local  glorified  titled  public  service.

Public service act must be scrapped, and hire and fire be implemented.  Details can be worked out for the public servants to work, as in other civilized democratic countries.

In civilized  democratic  countries, no person  is  shown the  door, on the false pretext of one or the other, (like in India, he/she is not here today, busy in meeting, and thousand and one lame excuses for the common people to suffer, mostly another form of extortion)  to the contrary,  each  and everybody  gets their  job  done  right away  within  minutes.

I had the privilege of getting services for the last fifty years.

Law and order:

In civilized democratic countries, I had witnessed police foot patrolling areas equipped with cell phone.  Even police cars also patrol the areas and all have communications with the police control.  This is a 24 hours operation.

I had to travel far and wide for my work and when the telephone at home did not have any answer, I asked the police station to verify it.  Police called back on long distance to state the facts within 15 minutes,

Can anyone even dream of this kind of service from Indian police?  I was stranded in a snowstorm with my car, where a police cruiser politely asked me "what is the problem".  On knowing that I could not see in the snowstorm, he parked his red flashing police cruiser just behind my car (to ensure that other drivers on the highway don't bump into my car) and waited until I was able to drive away.

And, I am just a Joe Blow like all commoner.

In India , I am positive these kinds of services are provided only to Indian glorified titled public servants with all kinds if fancy titles, who live on with all kinds of luxuries, on the national exchequer, an exchequer, do not guarantee medical, food, education, shelter, justice, or any humane needs to the people on the street.

INDIAN PENAL CODE (IPC) is a central law.  For the last five decades perhaps for the convenience and definitely in connivance, the constitution says "Laws and order" is a state (province) matter.   What a parody of hoaxes!

Solutions:

                                                            PRECEDENCE

In QUOTE.

"Summary résumé

Of

Writ: MAT 3140 of 2003, and Appeal F.M.A no. 1040 of 2007

 

1.       The judgment of above writ MAT 3140 of 2003 was rejected by Justice Pinaki Ghosh was rejected and appeal F.M.A. no. 1040 of 2007 was pushed to the District Magistrate by Justice Ashim Kumar Banerjee and Justice Tapas Kumar Giri J on 27/07/07.

 

2. Right to live in peace

 

2(a)            Both judgments did not take into consideration of the safety and peaceful living of NRI Aurovindo Choudhury  as was evident on the writ petition item 3, 4, 5,6,7,8,9,10. and did not order any protection to the applicant or compensation for the sufferings and harassment to the petitioner. No Protection was provided to the petitioner.

3.   Environmental pollution and malpractices to create Environmental hazards by the Kalyani Municipality .

 

3(a)            Item 12, 13, 14, 15,16 are clear intentional violation of the above acts and many other criminal acts.

 

4          Arbitrary changing of Master Plan in line with local practice, presumably for money.

 

4(a)            Item 17,18 are clear examples.  In this context the petitioner's observation is that Supreme Court of India has ordered that no master plan can be changed..

 

Petitioner's comments:

 

(a)    Don't the Judges of the High Court go through the petitions put before it for judgment?

(b)    Why the same was thrown back to the District Magistrate, Nadia when District Magistrate Nadia took no remedial action as is evident in item 15 of the writ petition. In the petitioner's view even the highest judiciary of the state are in the game of throwing ball back making endless suffering to the people.

 

Petitioner:

 

a)      70 year old NRI.

b)      Appeal F.M.A. no. 1040 of 2007/WP 8826(W) of 2003 was pushed to the District Magistrate by Justice Ashim Kumar Banerjee and Justice Tapas Kumar Giri J on 27/07/07, the petitioner was out of the country.Indian glorified titled public servants in general, particularly in West Bengal to the petitioner's experience are yet to learn to provide service to the pblic.

 

Engr. Aurovindo Choudhury, C.Eng., FIE for life,(India, Bangladesh), VDI(Germany), MBIM(UK & Aust), FInstP(UK), MAACE(US),MCIMM, MCIS(Canada), etc., Commissioner of Oaths for the province of Quebec with jurisdiction of all the countries of the world   B-6/108 Central Ave., West, KALYANI, India.

        Tel: 011-91-33-64153255, Cell no. 91-9836028227.

        Email: ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca" 

Unquote:-

Let there be Federal courts (as in civilized countries) to deal with the Federal Laws, such as IPC, Environmental Protection Act, and many others.

All provincial laws that have been enacted over riding the federal laws MUST BE SCRAPPED.   These only cause harassments to people for the fact local glorified titled public servants harass the people for reasons obvious thus flouting all federal laws/Acts.  People has got fed up to challenge the contravention by approaching local high court, apparently  with no results at the same spending hard earned hundreds of thousands INR. 

Besides the website in this note there are thousand and one violations, if a research is done.  I had filed an FIR a proven cognizable offence committed by the local Chairman, of the Municipality, Police it appears to me now just threw it in the waste paper baskets.  Writing to everybody by email, did not yield any result.

What are all the big names "Law Commission" and other bodies of India are doing?

With all kinds of fancy laws written

About the Author

Engr. Aurovindo Choudhury, C.Eng., FIE for life,(India, Bangladesh), VDI(Germany), MBIM(UK & Aust), FInstP(UK), MAACE(US),MCIMM, MCIS(Canada), etc., Commissioner of Oaths for the province of Quebec with jurisdiction of all the countries of the world, and a grandson of Her Holiness Shri Shri Maa Anandamoyee. Tel: 64153255 . Email: ceaurovindo@yahoo.ca

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The organized sector of logistics and supply chain in the market is an integral part and parcel to every industry and hence, it is considered to be the prime component in the functions of all these sectors. The fact that the industrial economy is booming have a larger positive outcome on the logistics and supply chain sector. The primary objective of logistic management is to collect raw materials from the suppliers and deliver the finished goods to the end customers. While supply chain management is all about the managing the organizations involved in the trading process inclusive of the logistics and movement of manufacturing units from raw materials to the finished products to the customers. In short, the entities involved in the supply chain are the manufacturers, service providers, distributors, sales channels and the end users or the customers.

As a matter of fact, the logistics sector work in close nexus with almost all the other industries such as airlines, international trade, IT, military and national defense, natural gas, mining, public transportation, railways, food & grocery, retail, hotel and hospitality and so forth. The Indian domestic logistics industry is estimated to generate business worth $110 billion in the next two years. Procuring an MBA in Logistics and Supply Chain Management helps you to technically develop critical thinking, analytical and problem solving skills which are essential in exercising business management in complex and situation based business scenarios. The academic learning aims to enable MBAs to apply the theory, knowledge and understanding of business and business processes involved to the logistics and supply chain.

India's emergence as the second fastest growing economy in the world has also led to the rapid growth of the logistics industry. Consequently, logistics and supply chain managers are in great demand and the resources employment opportunities have widened by leaps and bounds. Many institutes like Institute of Logistics and Aviation Management (ILAM), ICFAI and National Development Institute offers relevant MBA programs. In sync with other MBA profiles, managers in logistics and supply chain management are paid handsome remuneration and other perks. If you are interested in this stream of MBA, rest assured you have made the right choice.

About the Author

ILAM India is one of the leading logistics and avialtion management institute in India offering MBA in Logistics and Supply Chain Management & Career in Aviation.

Careers in the Food and Drink Industry - Part 2

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101 Ways To Monetize Your Blog Without Boring Your Readers

Merchandising

If you are a beloved blogger, there are good chances that your readers would like to show their support. Give them what they want and make money by exploiting the merchandising possibilities.

1. CafePress.com: This classic make it easy for you to put your blog's logo on shirts, bags, coasters and other topics.

2. Self-published books: If readers like the content, you might want to have something that can have its place, or even share with friends. Create a book of self-publishing services such as Lulu, and you can earn a profit without any major publishing contract.

3. Printfection.com: Design and sell their products Printfection.com.

4. Content on paper: Creating a CD-ROM of "book" with the content itself that can be accessed online organized. You can take things a step further and sell subscriptions for future upgrades to the system.

5. good storm like CafePress.com and Printfection.com good storm is a good way to create and sell your own product merchandising.

Paid Content

paid content is a good opportunity compensation method of bloggers who regularly offer useful information - especially if this information helps others make money. Like all methods of monetization, it's all in the approach. Do not create misleading examples of content that requires a subscription to read in its entirety. Instead, devote special sections of premium content for readers who are willing to pay for the information.

6. E-books: Whether it's a collection of your best tips or a completely new idea, an e-book is a good friendly way to package content.

7. White Paper: How e-books, white papers are the smaller version and more technical content.

8. Phone calls: Sell one-to-one calls, advice and consultation with others through the ether.

9. Mini Guides: If you just start a series very useful to package it in a mini-guide.

10. Guide: Gather information and complete the tutorial, which is based on their experience.

11. § For members only: Whether you access to articles published, or simply an ad-free content, make sure you're delivering a product that readers are willing to pay.

12. TextMark Inc., charging readers for text message alerts about their content through TextMark.

13. X-Acto: line of physical events of the project and generate revenue by charging admission, attracting sponsors and the sale of subscriptions to future events.

14. Podcast: Podcast may be new readers, and many of them are likely to be willing to pay to listen to the notes to go.

15. Videos: Just like podcasts, videos are a great value that readers may be willing to pay.

Begging

It never hurts to be easy to make money with your blog. Ask your readers for donations - a polite way, of course - and they really value their work, probably more than willing to help support their continued success.

16. PayPal: PayPal system allows you to place a donation button to your blog.

17. Amazon Honor System: As PayPal, Amazon Honor System allows you to accept online donations.

18. Ship inspections: Of course, the good mail U.S. works equally well. Offering readers a mailbox that can send donations.

19. Buy me a beer and coffee, asking for donations in the form of beer, coffee or any other specific goal allows readers to reward you with something concrete.

20. Amazon Wish List: Even if you do not have the money, asking readers to buy your Amazon Wish List items to avoid having to buy things for yourself. Once again, feel more rewarded you know I gave you something tangible.

Opportunities

To become a successful blogger way to become an expert in your field. You can use this space for the opportunity to earn money, increasing the value of providing your readers.

21. Concerts Editorial: The display of his talent for writing your blog, you have to take any blog live network or the news site that might be interested in signing him.

22. Seminars and workshops: As an expert, you can invite readers to visit with you personally in seminars and workshops.

23. Bloggers for Hire: Get a blog has been hired as the company's Web site.

24. Blogger Jobs: As bloggers for hire, Blogger Jobs you connect to sites that have a need for a blogger.

25. Go off-line: Take your skills out blogging as a columnist in a newspaper or magazine.

26. Guest posts: Fill other bloggers as guest writer for a small fee or simply an alternative future.

27. Job Board: If you have created the job board industry leaders that readers can use other recruitment positions in your field.

28. Create a radio station: With a radio station to offer podcasts, sell display ads for aspiring artists and even sell audio advertising.

29. Consulting: If you have found success as a blogger, you probably have a lot of knowledge shared on the Internet and control your domain. Independent consultant and get paid to share what they know.

30. By the way: the blog may have noticed the industry leader, and you can cancel the speeches at conferences and meetings.

31. Book: A number of popular bloggers have landed lucrative deals book.

32. Interviews: To share information about the new medium and to go on radio or TV interviews.

Online

The benefits, monetary or otherwise, write a blog extend well beyond the Internet, especially if you use an offline business. Take advantage of these benefits using the following methods.

33. Market your services: Your blog is a great forum for marketing your business. Transmit the current campaigns, new interests and other business building information.

34. Create voice behind your business: A blog is a great way to grow your company in a personal dialogue. By presenting themselves as a friendly authority, the company becomes more accessible.

35. Deepen customer relationships: more than a friendly voice, a blog can help you connect with customers. Link to your blog, write about their interests and gives them special attention in his writing.

Classifieds

The ads are generally the bread and butter of bloggers. But they are also more likely to irritate readers. Maintain a good balance, focus on the relevance and make sure not to overload your blog with ads too. It goes without saying that you should absolutely not use each of these ad programs, either. Rather select a few and rotate them until you find what works best for your blog.

36. Start Publisher Network: Display ads targeted to your site via Yahoo! Publisher Network.

37. Distributors Inc.: You'll advertisers quality, support and advanced technology from suppliers.

38. Tribal Fusion: Tribal Fusion ad-based printing service focuses on targeting and optimization.

39. eXelate Targeting eXchange: This program is based on delayed ad cookie.

40. Clicksor Inc.: Clicksor focuses on contextual ads that can be presented in a variety of means, such as text, graphics and links online.

41. In fact, self-employment and post information to be paid.

42. Chitika eMiniMalls: Promote products in interactive kiosks and goods both to provide relevant content and comparative shopping for readers. You are paid per click.

43. Attract advertisers and build relationships with them individually through this platform: AdSonar.

44. ExpoActive: Get free ads for a specific style, with ExpoActive.

45. AdVolcano LLC AdVolcano Using the forum, you can design your ads, set your price and display advertisers.

46. eXelate Targeted Links: Choose the advertisers you want on your site with this program.

47. grokAds.com: Set your own price and decide to choose advertisers grokAds.com.

48. Adify: Get the editorial control and the value of advertising on your site with Adify. You can even set their own prices.

49. AdBriteInc:. With AdBrite, you have the ability to accept or reject ads that appear on your blog, and you can even use it to sell directly to consumers.

50. BidVertiser.com: These ads are highly customizable, and can block any ad that does not want to display on your blog.

51. Blogads: invitations to this exclusive network of bloggers, and you have a high quality, targeted advertising to your blog.

52. Casale Media Inc: Gain control of quality advertisers and Casale Media.

53. DoubleClick Inc. DoubleClick offers and differentiation of many solutions for publishers.

54. BlueLithium: Get great ad targeting selective partnerships and BlueLithium ad performance.

RSS Ads

A more specialized method of advertising, ads RSS give bloggers a way to monetize food. Most players typically react to ads RSS the same way they do with regular, so if you stay relevant and limited, it should work fine.

55. Pheedo Inc.: This platform offers interactive advertising RSS triggers and video functions.

56. Feedvertising: Part of Text Link Ads, Feedvertising integrate ads into your RSS feed.

57. CrispAds: This blog is focused on ad network that can place ads directly on the labels so that they show that the site feed.

58. Feedburner Inc., Feedburner ads are embedded in RSS feeds, and high-quality advertisers Explorer Band, Best Buy and Comcast.

59. FeedM8: FeedM8 service to make your blog ready for mobile content and integrates the relevant mobile advertising.

Text Ads

Text ads are one of the easiest way to read the classifieds, you can serve. Its small size and nature that makes text-based display ads less offensive and in your face. Try these services to these ads on your blog subtle.

60. Vibrant Media: Vibrant Media ads in text and completely user driven.

61. Google AdSense: Google ads are the most popular and often most lucrative source of income for many bloggers. They relate to your content, and many blog readers expect, if you're not likely to run into lots of negative feedback.

62. LinkAds: These text ads come with a lot of control.

63. PaidTextLinks.com: Sell links on your site and maintain editorial control over what is displayed for this service.

64. A monkey Inc: You can get very text ads and earn a large percentage of sales with a monkey.

65. Kontera ContentLink: ContentLink becomes relevant keywords in your ads hyperlink content.

66. Text Link Ads: Text Link Ads "simple, non-intrusive ads are a good choice for many bloggers.

67. TAGword: Select your ads and set your price TAGword.

68. LinkAdage Auction: Selling text links on LinkAdage private auction.

69. LinkWords: LinkWords offers pay-per-click revenue from embedded content, highlight the keywords that are related to advertisers.

70. Textlinkbrokers.com: Get ads discreet little link, and a constant monthly payment which does not depend on the traffic Textlinkbrokers.com.

Sell your listings

Self-advertising is a method that overrides all others in terms of reader-friendliness. Selling your own ads, you get complete control and is able to determine a method to display ads that readers respond better.

71. individual advertisers: Your advertisers should be the ones that really interest your readers ask large ads, respected players in its sector to get better results.

72nd. Individual actively sell advertising: to attract advertisers, you know you are looking for them. link on your site, contact potential advertisers and direct message boards in the industry.

73. Create a Press Kit: Make it easy for advertisers to buy from you. Create a kit that includes cost, political ad, demographics, traffic, testimonials and contact information.

74. Offer free ads: To get things started, look for competitive companies in your niche and give them free advertising for some time. This will give other companies interested in advertising with you.

Affiliate Programs

Most bloggers end up dropping brand names at some point or another. Regardless of software, books, jewelry, probably a combination of them for free. Affiliate programs offer a way to benefit from changing the name of the fall is often much more than click a URL. Keep your affiliate programs, dividing the player-only products, which are very vigorous debate and do not amount to the sea.

75. Amazon Associates Amazon Associates earn up to 10 percent of income payments through a blog site.

76. Shop $ $ with Chitika cloud cloud store, you can add products popular in the format tag cloud.

77. WidgetBucks: These widgets shopping, offering quality products, a lot of meaning and a lot of customization.

78. LinkShare Corp., LinkShare affiliate program I love you with software companies like Apple Inc., Dell and Disney.

79. zanox: zanox Create an online store, select your products and earn a percentage of each sale.

80. uSuggest LLC readers suggest these products and get paid for it.

81. Chitika RPU: If you have a product discussed in a post, earn money by placing a link on the product at the end of your text.

82. Auction Ads LLC: Place relevant ads on your eBay auction site to make money.

83. Recommendation: If you're a fan of a product or service, why not ask them to pay directly for a link to your site?

84. Commission Junction, Inc. To promote the wide range of products through Commission Junction, so you can find something that readers of this issue.

85. Chitika Linx: Chitika Linx identify the keywords blog content and links are paid for the product catalogs.

86. shareasale.com: Subscribe to this network and choose merchants that you want to promote.

87. ClickBank: ClickBank Through the program, you choose the products you want to promote.

88. iTunes Affiliates: Keep your readers informed of new releases and earn a commission on affiliate revenue with iTunes.

Sponsored posts

Sponsored Post readers often rub the wrong way, usually because they are a blatant taking money, but not necessarily so. Use these methods and programs that allow you to choose carefully what you write. This will allow you to keep the products and services related to players and they really support.

89. ReviewMe: ReviewMe choose your message and earn up to $ 200 each.

90. PayPerPost, Inc.: Use PayPerPost to make money writing sites, products and services that are supported.

91. Payu2blog.com: Registration for this program and get the average salary, and steady work.

92. Car Reviews Best-Paid: Paid With comments, is the key to be selective. You must not accept any offer that comes to you and if you have nothing nice to say about the product or service can not be bothered. Be sure to offer a contrary view, and your readers know that you can not blindly support the highest bidder.

93. SponsoredReviews.com: Review of the articles in their own sound and criticism as with SponsoredReviews.com.

94. Blogsvertise: When you get a job Blogsvertise, you just put three links in a blog. It is a great way to advertise natural and discreet.

95. Smorty: Smorty Select themes and paid weekly.

96. Search Books: Another way to get some of your blog through exams is to take in books. You get it for free while providing a valuable service to its readers.

Other

These are just a few more ways you can monetize your blog in an easy to read.

97. Sell your blog: If you put a lot of work in your blog, and it has great stats, get a fixed salary of a buyer.

98. Shareapic.net: Host your photos for this service and are paid by the number of views they get. This means that you can publish your blog and get paid every time someone reads the post with pictures of someone Shareapic.net it.

99. Scoopt Words: Selling the contents of the mainstream media with Scoopt.

100. Use your blog to create a mailing list: If you sell products, you can use your blog to generate a mailing list of people interested in buying from you.

101. Vizu Answers Corp.: host polls on your website. Visitors enjoy sharing their opinions, and you earn extra money.

To learn more visit

http://www.monetizationforums.com/index.php

About the Author

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The Psychology Of TASER Weapons, Stun Guns, Pepper Sprays and other Self Defense Products

How much would you like to achieve personal growth and fulfillment? How much do you think your self-esteem is worth? How much do you value your love and belongingness needs? And what does all that have to do with TASER weapons, stun guns, pepper sprays and self defense products in general?

A lot, actually. And I can definitively back that claim up.

According to Abraham Maslow (a chief proponent of the humanistic school of human behavior), each human being has a five-levels Hierarchy of Needs that motivates his/her behavior. How well you do in life will depend on whether or not you can successfully deal with the needs of each one of your lower, most dominant levels of the hierarchy, as you move up to satisfy the needs of the higher levels. The same process keeps going on, one level at a time, until the highest level possible is reached at and a healthy state of "self-actualization" (psychological wellbeing) is produced.

But what are those specific needs to be satisfied on each particular level of the hierarchy? And what does all that have to do with self defense products in general? Let's take a quick look at each level of Maslow's "pyramid of needs", before we introduce self defense weapons into the whole psychology picture:

Level 5: "Self-Actualization" (Highest level)

Level 4: "Esteem & Self Esteem"

Level 3: "Love & Belonging"

Level 2: "Safety and Security"

Level 1: "Biological/Physiological Needs" (Lowest level)

As you can see, the lowest level of the hierarchy (Level 1) is that of "Biological/Physiological Needs". Here you must satisfy your most basic human needs, including getting enough food, water, air, sleep, sex, etc. Many crimes are actually motivated by a failure to fulfill these needs through socially accepted channels (be ready to defend yourself with non lethal TASER devices, stun guns, pepper sprays and other reliable self defense products such as surveillance equipments).

Once the biological needs of this first level are met, the second level of Maslow's Hierarchy ("Safety and Security") comes into play, its specific needs again motivating your behavior until completely satisfied. This is precisely where self defense products fit into the whole psychological picture. Without these lawful self defense weapons, your "Safety and Security" needs might not be properly met, and your chances of fulfilling those important needs of the remaining next three levels ("Love & Belonging", "Esteem & Self Esteem", & "Self-Actualization") would be decreased (no one can develop those higher level goals of human development under unsafe conditions, according to Maslow's psychological theory).

However… Is it possible to achieve your full potential as a human being without using any self defense weapon at all? Of course it is. Maslow himself never talked about self defense products. However, the real question you must ask yourself is: What are your chances of retaining your self-actualization status (once achieved) if you become a victim of crime?

It has been estimated that the average American has an 80% chance of becoming the victim of violent crime over the course of a lifetime (by logic, that is exactly the same chance of losing your self-actualization status). If you become a victim of crime, you will most probably regress to a previous "deficit oriented" (not self-actualized) status of the pyramid (levels 1-4), and the quality of your life (and that of your loved ones) would be painfully diminished. In other words, you will most probably lose your self-actualized status (fifth level of the hierarchy).

Moreover, you would also lose your sense of esteem & self esteem (fourth level), as well as your sense of "love & belonging" (third level: you would find it hard to trust others)…even returning to your second level of your own psychological hierarchy: "Safety and Security". That's a lot to lose in terms of mental, emotional and even physical health, isn't it?

TASER weapons, stun guns, pepper sprays, instructional fighting DVDs, surveillance equipments…these lawful self defense products represents so much more than your physical security alone: these are important tools to help you secure all the psychological happiness you and your family may achieve in life. They represent your human right to defend your peace of mind and your emotional wellbeing, and that of your loved ones.

Who says psychology doesn't have anything to do with prevention? And crime prevention begins with reliable self defense weapons and products. If you protect yourself today, you might even spare yourself (and your family) years of psychotherapy aimed at reconstructing a shattered psychological pyramid of needs that could have remained intact if only you had listened to a good advice…while still in time.

About the Author

Download our FREE eBook: "The Self Defense Weapons Book Of Facts & Personal Protection Tips". This illustrated, 83 pages guide will teach you EVERYTHING you need to know about TASER devices, Stun Guns & Pepper Sprays. No more searching around the internet for reliable information. Hurry up and get your complimentary copy now...before they're gone!

ProtectionNation.com, LLC, is currently the best source for personal and familial Self Defense Products on the internet. What sets ProtectionNation.com above the rest is its focus on offering only what's really effective and reliable for your self defense and home security needs, at the best prices. We carry only the best Stun Guns, TASER Weapons, Pepper Sprays, Personal and Home Alarms, Diversion Safes and Surveillance Equipment. Feel free to visit us anytime.

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The universal brotherhood and comparative relegion , Part 4 ,the cow

The cow  in many religious Scriptures and books.

        ( as in the Torah, Quran, Gita and Bible)

                By              Prof Ghulam Mohyuddin Wani

                               BVSC&AH,MVSC(VOG)DVM,PhD                             

INTRODUCTION

The cow has been respected and honoured creature in all the religious books and scriptures. Most of the riots and killing in India in the past has been on this issue. The warrior factions perhaps never knew that all the religions of the world as viewed from the holly books the Quran,Gita,Bibel and Torah have mention of the cow. The Quran the holly book of GOD names it many times and full chapter  is named the COW ,AL-BAQUAR.This articles reviews the information to bring a universal brotherhood and common understanding of One GOD ,call him Allah,khuda or bagvan he is one and only one.

First of all I must apologize for any theological mistakes as I am a scientist of the animal sciences and not of the theology. My intension here is to represent the cow more as a scientific miracle than a religious belief. The cow  feeds us all on her milk made of her blood .She  like our mother is to have a due respect in all societies and cultures. I know of my culture we in OLD JOOS{may be Jews ,wandering tribe of Israel}Khowaja or now named as wani always call a cow GAW MUOG the mother cow and loved her,the tradition goes even today in kashmir.

 We will discuss the cow in three sections .In section 1 we shall reveiw the information from websites on the description and interpretation of various holly books .THIS INFORMATION HAS BEEN COLLECTED FRON THE WEB AND  IS ACKNOWLEDGED.The section 2 shall be a scientific interpretation  given by the learned in the field of  concerned theology .The third and last concluding paras shall be based on our own scientific and philosophic metamorphosis and analysis mostly from the reference materials published by Anil Chawla.

We apologize in advance for omissions and ask all of you to please inform us about your views and criticize it ,so as to act PEERS of our forthcoming book .

Although the chapter 2 of the holly Quran is named the cow or the Al-Baqarah.Being the chapter in which most of the tenements of the religious beliefs and theological questions have been clearfied,naming it as the cow shows the esssensc.,Normally as writers when we sit to write a book we choose to name a chapter with most favoured phrase .Just like a newspaper chooses his headline with care, relevance and to attack attension.

CUSTOMS AND RITES

Many people confuse customs with religious commandments. RELIGIOUS CUSTOMS AND RITE S LIKE  clothes, eating habits,language,dress,music ,local habits cannot be equalized as a  belief or testimony, The Muslim religion fundamental principles like Aaeman.klama, Nimaz,zakat,haj are the essentials of the faith, The customs are localized and can be different in a country. Unfortunately sometimes religious good is diluted with customs or even the behaviour of a man or women calling him or her belonging to a particular religion.

A THEIF,KILLER OR A PROSTITUTE ,CORRUPT MAN ,ADULATOR,EVIL WHISPHERER,CONSPIRATOR OR A LAIR HAS NO PLACE IN ISLAM. Even if he names himself as a Muslim he cannot be regarded as a muslim.Even names were  not changed after  conversion during the days of prophet.

"We believe in Allah, and the revelation given to us, and to Abraham, Ismail, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, and that given to Moses and Jesus, and that given to (all) prophets from their Lord: We make no difference between one and another of them: And we bow to Allah (in Islam)."

Universal brotherhood concept.

Thus these verses of Quran make the ISLAM as a religion broader than some of us define or malign it. It has a principle of universal brotherhood. A Muslim is permitted to marry a Jew or a Christian or anyone who believe in one God ,A Muslim is allowed to have food of Jews .Christians or any one provided it is clean and free from forbidden items like blood, swine flesh etc Even under extreme condition he is allowed to eat what is forbidden but it should be in utter need not as a luxury .Thus having a boarder approach to life than the ordinary suicidal tendency and despondency.

.There is no commandment to be non-vegetarian or vegetarian. A Muslim can be one who does not eat meat,. The man has been born and left in the jungle .He was a hunter, all hunt to eat. Thus all ancient culture was non-vegeterian.The Islam does not ask you to eat this or that, but gives us liberty even to eat the forbidden items to keep alive.

It is nothing to do with the TAQWA , ONESS OF God. The essential component of the faith, which is a commonality in all religions. The conceptual principle which determines your faith,Food is optional and allowed under duress or in dare need, but hunger strike s or death by self suicidal acts is strictly forbidden.

The cow named surah or chapter of Quran is revealed in Medina and have details of the legislature and more detailed versions than those revelled to Mohammad in Mecca.

The cow in Herbrew

In herbrew the yellow heifer defines and described as choice of God for sacrifice  to Mosses like the Issac to Ibrahim is described as HAEGGEL ,:The sin of the calf .

 THE Apis Bull of EGYPT

      In Egyypt, the Apis Bull was the  object  of worship, . Among the Egyptians' and Hebrews'  the wild bull, was widely worshipped, often as the Lunar Bull .Thus these cultures regarded the cattle more scared than the Hinduss,The one question which come to mind is that it is a custom more than a religious myth as some of immanent scholar of Sanskrit and Vedic literature have reported, Whatever ,the cow or the ox have been important an essential part of the global culture and customs from times immoral ..

MOUNT SINSIS

When Mosses went up onto Mount Sinaia to receive the Ten Commandments (Exodus 19:20 he left the Israelites for forty days and forty nights. The Israelites feared that he would not return .They  complied and gathered golden earrings. Then  melted them and constructed the golden calf.The Israelites made offerings and celebrated. In Hebrew the incident is known as ???’ ha‘?ggel or "The Sin of the Calf".

CRETAN BULL OF GREEKS

          It is also mentioned as  Cretan Bull of Greek myth. Thus the Indian Myth of the cattle being scared is shared by other culture too like the Herbrew,Arabs,Egyptians and Greeks.It is thus a ritual or custom than a command ment of God and thus has different versions. The concept of GOD being the only one to be worshiped and that it has no physical form has been discussed in our earliest discussion in these web pages too. The God is a tagali= light source too powerful  and illuminative this realty is accepted in all the religions  books including VEDAS

In Moses farewell blessing to the Jewish people, he describes Joseph as an "ox": "The most eminent, his [is the power of the] ox that is given to him…."(Deut. 33:17) In Jacob's blessing to Joseph, the same word for "ox" appears, although in a different meaning, that of "wall": "A fruitful son is Joseph, a fruitful son above the [evil] eye; daughters tread over the wall [to gaze on him]. (Gen. 49:22) The words for "over the wall" in Hebrew are "alei shur", which if slightly revocalized can be read: "Ascend, O ox!" ("aleh" "shor

Thus they devised to make the Golden Calf, which is also called an "ox", with the powerful magic tools in their mouths, which upset the order of the supernal realms. All the powers we mentioned combined together - that of the evil [generated by the Jews' sin], that of the magic [powers they possessed], that of the holiness of Aaron's, and that of the holy Name etched in the golden plate that was used to elevate Joseph from the Nile. This combination produced the Golden Calf, which was animated by the spiritual life-force of their grandfather Be'or. [Be'or] thus ascended from the vegetable to the animal kingdom, and [the Mixed Multitude] accepted him as their leader, who would inform them of the future and tell them whatever they would need to know. And all this was possible by the fact that they made the Israelites sin, as mentioned.

The soul of the wicked Be'or, which was present in this calf, was who yelled out, saying "This is your G-d, O Israel!" (Ex. 32:4) as our sages have stated. (See Pirkei d'Rabbi Eliezer 25)

DHARMA. Hindus must realize that enriching the life of bovine and other useful animals is DHARMA. Making efforts to build a healthy and large population of cattle in India is DHRAMA. On the path of DHARMA, a wise man is not perturbed by death since he knows that soul is immortal - "Weapons cannot cut it nor can fire burn it ; water cannot drench it nor can wind make it dry." ANIL CHAWLA ,1999 WROTE - Srimad Bhagavad-Gita (also called Gita) is one of the most sacred books for Hindus. During the war of MAHABHARAT, just before the beginning of the war, Arjuna who was a great warrior suddenly developed self-doubt and raised fundamental existentialist questions about the purpose of life and hence of war which would have led to the annihilation of so many who were very dear to him. Lord Krishna who was a friend of Arjuna and was also driving his chariot during the war delivered the sermon of Gita clarifying the fundamental questions raised.

SWAMI VIVEKANANDA ON BEEF

(This letter was published in Letters to Editor, Hindustan Times dated 3rd January, 2002)
(Please visit ArchivesHT  for more details) 

Swami Vivekananda said: "You have always to remember that because a little social custom is going to be changed, you are not going to lose your religion, not at all. Remember these customs have already been changed. There was a time in this very India when, without eating beef, no Brahmin could remain a Brahmin ; you read in the Vedas how, when a sanyasin, a king, or a great man came into a house, the best bullock was killed, how in time it was found that as we were an agricultural race, killing the best bulls meant annihilation of the race. Therefore, the practice was stopped, and a voice;

Thus it is clear the respect of the cows and the cattle as a whole is shared by all religious books.Some eat it and some don not is a custom and no a religion.Howerver ,in Jammu and kahmir state of India ,a muslim majority state has the constitution which bans the cow slaughter and one finds very few muslims in Kashmir who willingly eat beef.This is not true of the other Indian or Pakistani muslims who eat beef as choice.Even the jummuiets from the borders and even those coming from tribal belt in Kashmir the Khatans etc do eat beef outside their state but not the kashmiri speaking muslims and Pandits.This too thus indicates it that is a custom of a race and not a religiom.In rest of ASIA ,MIDDLEEAST Goats are sacrificed on EID –UL-BAKAR,.The goat meat is phefered in all these places but not in Kashmir where the muslims and Hindu too like sheep meat and that too with fat and not too lean, These are habits and not religion. Thus a muslim can be  Muslim without eating beef.

This verse refers to the story of the golden calf made and worshipped by the Israelites after their exodus from Egypt. While Moses (Musa (as.)) was in communion with God on the heights of mount Sinai, while revelation was in the process of being sent down to him, while God was manifesting His presence to Moses and divulging to him the secrets of creation and of the structure of religion, some of the Israelites (under the direction and supervision of a person called Samiri) constructed and worshipped a statue of a golden calf

COWS AND ENVIRONMENT

The use of degraded agriculture wastes and deoiled cakes  by COWS and their conversion into milk. Meat and other valuable products ,saves of wastage and consuming non-edible nitrogenous matter like cellulose and deoiled cakes and in turn adding nitrogen to the soil hells us to maintain soil health and nitrogen cycle. The draught power has been detailed in our earlier articles .It helps India alone to save millions do dollars ,The fossil fuel price and carbon burn is a vital for the climatic change ,thus the role of cows in its desired ratio per hectare is helpful but not harmful,howerve the numbers are to be limited which is happenening as cross breeds give more per animal productivity than locals and cross bred ratio increasing in the Hindi northern belt speaks volumes. The problems encounter both under rained and irrigatated cropping systems is with male and unproductive animals .A survival of the fittest formula even does not apply here, thus serious thought is needed, We have proposed a unified use of these animals for research and development by all drug and medicine testing firms,organizations,vet college, medical experimental stations and the energy requiring institute and NGOs .A detailed plan to mitigate this and other customary problems have been suggested with in framework of the constitution and the populace cultural ethos.

PHILOSOPHY OF GITA by anil chawla describing the economics of the cattle.
(The following extracts are from his free web publications,and are cited here as scolarly references from him and not me)

"For the death of him who is born is certain ; and the rebirth of him who is dead is inevitable. It does not, therefore, behove you to grieve over an inevitable event." (Verse 27, Chapter 2, Srimad Bhagavad-Gita)

Lord Krishna says that it is wrong to grieve about death since death is like a change of clothes. Soul gives up its old clothes and takes on new ones. Focussing on life and accepting death as an integral part of life - is the essence of Gita which applies to every aspect of human life. It is this philosophy that enabled Krishna to be an animal-lover and yet be a good hunter. Understanding the philosophy of Gita is necessary to comprehend animal-rearing.

In the field of animal rearing Consumption and Protection are two sides of the same coin. One who consumes is the one who protects and vice-versa. Muslims in India sacrifice goats at the time of Eid-ul-zuha and consume the meat. The other facet of this is that Muslims feed and take care of a goat for a full year or alternatively pay a big sum to one who has taken care of the sacrificial goat. On the other hand there are Jains who do not eat meat and do nothing to rear or take care of goats. India is the largest consumer of goat meat in the world and India has the largest goat population in the world. Pakistan does not consume pig-meat and it has almost no pigs. During the past thirty years the consumption of eggs and chicken in India has increased almost tenfold. This has led to the poultry industry getting a big boost and there has been an unprecedented increase in the population of hens. It will not be an exaggeration to say that if mankind stopped consuming eggs and chicken completely, hen as a species may vanish from the surface of earth.

Cow is considered sacred and is worshipped in India while in adjoining Pakistan there are no such beliefs. Yet, when a cow dies in India, its average carcass weight is just about 103 Kg and in Pakistan the average carcass weight is about 185 Kg. The figure for USA and Germany is about 315 Kg. In other words, cows in India are not butchered but are tortured to a slow and painful death by hunger. A foolish interpretation of DHARMA (loosely translated as duty or religion) has led some Indians to oppose cow slaughter leading to a situation where cows are neither cared for nor protected. A refusal to accept death of cow has made life hell for cow. Moving stray on roads Indian cow is forced to eat polythene bags and die a painful death. All talks of non-violence and pity by religious leaders sound nice but cannot give the essential ingredients of life to Indian cows.

Milk Production in India has increased considerably during the past three decades after National Dairy Development Board launched Operation Flood. Yet, the per capita availability of milk in India in 1997 was just about 58.5 Kg per annum. The corresponding figure for Pakistan is 116.3 Kg, Germany - 238.8 Kg, Russia - 145.1 Kg, USA - 251.3 Kg. Some persons may be surprised that the per capita availability of milk in India is just about half of that in Pakistan though economically Pakistan is almost in the same bracket as India. The misguided orthodox zealots who oppose all mechanized slaughter houses and meat exports often argue that continuous slaughtering of progeny of cows will lead to elimination of cows and bulls from the country causing a milk famine. The fact is just opposite - the countries that consume cow-meat have substantially higher milk availability.

The economics of animal rearing is based on milk as well as meat. Whenever any cow or buffalo gives birth, there is an almost equal probability of a male or female calf. A dairy farmer rears a female calf in expectation of milk, while a male is reared for either meat or for use as a draught animal. It is the combined economics of milk, meat and harness that makes investments possible in dairy industry. If any of the three pillars is disturbed, the economics of dairy industry is badly affected. In most developed countries, there is no use of animal in harness but demand for meat helps balance the economics of dairy industry. In ancient India, extensive use of bullocks as draught animals made dairy farming viable even without the use of meat. In modern India, on one hand, subsidies on electricity for farming, tractors, diesel etc. have eliminated the need to use animals for ploughing and carriage of goods. On the other hand, a plethora of restrictions on bovine meat have effectively prevented Indian dairy farmers from getting a reasonable price for bovine meat. This has rendered male bovine animals completely useless thereby affecting the economics and growth of the Indian dairy industry.

India exports almost ten million tonnes of de-oiled cakes every year to countries like Pakistan, Iran, Thailand, Korea, Japan etc. who have a better developed dairy industry. De-oiled cakes are rich in proteins and are primarily used as ingredient for animal feed. In addition to causing protein deficiency in an impoverished country like India, export of de-oiled cakes disturbs the Nitrogen cycle of nature causing the soil to lose fertility. Animals perform a useful ecological function by consuming non-edible nitrogenous matter like cellulose and de-oiled cakes. Faecal matter of animals completes the nitrogen cycle and enriches the soil. In the absence of sufficiently large number of animals, agriculture starts losing its long term viability. Hence, it is necessary that the economics of Indian dairy farming is strengthened so that Indian de-oiled cakes can be fed to Indian animals which are essential pre-requisite for maintaining soil fertility over the long term.

Cow dung also plays a minor albeit important role in dairy economics. Heavy subsidies on chemical fertilizers have reduced the demand for cow dung. This has made it impossible for any dairy farmer to feed a non-milking cow.

Dairy industry plays a vital role in the agro-based economics of India. Strengthening dairy industry is essential for removing poverty of the large majority of Indian population which is living even today in rural areas. The three pillars of dairy farming economics - Milk, Meat and Use in Harness - need to be strengthened. Just as National Dairy Development Board has done commendable work in the field of milk, there is an urgent need for similar work in the field of meat. Government of India should set a target to eliminate exports of de-oiled cakes in the next five to ten years. Subsidies on tractors, diesel, farm-use-electricity, chemical fertilizers should be gradually eliminated. Use of mineral fuel based vehicles should be banned in certain dense areas of cities and in such areas only human and animal powered vehicles should be permitted. This will not only increase utility of animals in harness but will also help reduce pollution in Indian city centres that have become almost inhabitable. Use of modern technology should be promoted in animal powered vehicles.

Hindu religion is based on "SANATAN" truths - facts and principles that have always been true and shall always are. It was this understanding of SANATAN truth that led the Lord Shiva who is known as a God of destruction being also called Lord PASHUPATINATH, the deity that is the owner and protector of all animals. Shiva family carries with it a symbolism that illustrates the concept of mutual dependence of beings for food and other needs. The vehicle of Shiva is a bullock while his wife Parvati's vehicle is a lion that preys on bullock. Shiva's son Ganesha moves around on a rat while snakes (who eat rats) hang around the neck of Lord Shiva. On the other hand snakes are devoured by peacock which is the vehicle of Shiva's other son Kartik. Cycle of nature is based on such mutual dependence and mutual checks & balances. One who understands this cycle and does not get disturbed by death is a wise man. He accepts death as a necessary routine. Commitments towards life rather than concerns about death are the guiding principles for all his actions. DHARMA (loosely translated as duty or religion) is not in avoiding death nor is it in fearing death nor is it in worrying about or grieving over death. Life and living life is DHARMA. If moved by the fears of death non-violence weakens life and if violence accepts death to eventually strengthen life, then violence is DHARMA and non-violence is ADHARMA (antonym or antitheses of DHARMA). This is the philosophy of Gita and this is the way of upliftment of any society.

to be continued

About the Author

Dedicated to my teachers in school like AB AHAD AKOON,MOHD SADULLAH SOFI.SARWAR NAND,NARINGEN NATH AND Gope krishan moza

I have apleasure to refer many views and comments from the Dr Anil Chawlas web paper who access is free for like as of mine,nevertheless I acknowkedge and thank him for its use

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Livelihood Strategies and its determinants in Southern Ethiopia

Livelihood Strategies and its determinants in Southern Ethiopia

The case of Boloso Sore of wolaita zone

*Adugna Eneyew(MSc)

**Wagayehu Bekele (PhD.)

 *Author of the article, lecturer Arba Minch University, Ethiopia, adugna_e@yahoo.com

** Co-author of the article, President of Diredawa University, Ethiopia, wagayehu_bekele@yahoo.com)

December, 2008 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Above all I would like to thank the Almighty God for his unreserved gift. Besides, first and foremost, I thank my major advisor Dr. Wagayehu Bekele to whom I am duly bound to express my gratitude. I am also deeply beholden to Wolayta Soddo ATVET College for its provision of the necessary support to the finalization of this study

1. INTRODUCTION

 1.1 Background to the Study

Ethiopia with an estimated population of 76.5 million is the third populous country in Africa. More than 85% are rural population and the remaining is urban population (CSA, 2006). Ethiopia is an agrarian economy based country where the agricultural sector plays an important role in the national economy, livelihood and socio-cultural system of the country. The sector supports employment of over 80% of the population, accounts for 45-50% of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Berhanu, 2006).

 Rural people on their side partake in a number of strategies, including agricultural intensification, and livelihood diversification, which enable them to attain food security goal, however, still unable to escape food insecurity. The rural poor struggle to ensure food security status by participating in diversification activities. However, the contribution to be made by livelihood diversification to rural livelihoods has often been ignored by policy makers who have chosen to focus their activities on agriculture (Carswell, 2000). The problem is worsening, despite massive resources invested each year into humanitarian aid and food security programs (Frankenberger et al., 2007).

 Thus, a thorough understanding of alternative livelihood strategies of rural households and communities is indispensable in any attempt to bring improvement. This is important not to commit a limited resource available for rural development based on untested assumption about the rural poor and its livelihood strategies (Tesfaye, 2003).

 This study, therefore, attempted to see the determinants of livelihood strategy choice of rural people in their struggle to achieve food security goal.

1.2. Objective of the Study

 The general objective of the study was to examine the livelihood strategies pursued by rural households and analyze determinants of choice of livelihood strategies in the context of achieving food security in the study area. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. to assess livelihood strategies pursued by different categories of rural households in the study area,

2. to identify the determinants of rural households` choice of livelihood strategies , and

2. Conceptual Framework for Livelihood Strategy Analysis

 The livelihoods framework provides a comprehensive, and complex, approach to understanding how people make a living. It can be used as a loose guide to a range of issues which are important for livelihoods or it can be rigorously investigated in all its aspects (Kanji et al, 2005). Livelihood Approaches (LA) emphasizes understanding of the context within which people live, the assets available for them, livelihood strategies they follow in the face of existing policies and institutions, and livelihood outcomes they intend to achieve (DFID, 2000).

 The key question to be addressed in any analysis of livelihood is given a particular context (of policy setting, politics, history, agro ecology and socio-economic conditions), what combination of livelihood resources (different types of ‘capital’) result in the ability to follow what combination of livelihood strategies (agricultural intensification/ extensification, livelihood diversification and migration) with what outcomes? (Scoones, 1998).

  Livelihoods

The concept of livelihood is widely used in contemporary writings on poverty and rural development, but its meaning can often appear elusive either due to vagueness or to different definitions being encountered in different sources (Ellis, 2000)

 A popular definition is that provided by Chambers & Conway (1992) wherein a livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets (including both material and social assets) and activities required for a means of living. Briefly, one could describe a livelihood as a combination of the resources used and the activities undertaken in order to live (DFID, 2000).

 Vulnerability Context

 Vulnerability context refers to seasonality, trends, and shocks that affect people’s livelihoods. The key attribute of these factors is that they are not susceptible to control by local people themselves, at least in the short and medium term (DFID, 2000).

Livelihood assets

 In the livelihoods approach, resources are referred to as ‘assets’ or ‘capitals’ (Ellis and Allison, 2004) and the definition of each is given as:

 Livelihood assets: are the resources on which people draw in order to carry out their livelihood strategies (Farrington et al., 2002). The members of a household combine their capabilities, skills and knowledge with the different resources at their disposal to create activities that will enable them to achieve the best possible livelihood for themselves. Everything that goes towards creating that livelihood can be thought of as a livelihood asset (Messer and Townsley, 2003). The major livelihood assets are human capital like age, education, gender, health status, household size, dependency ratio and leadership potential, etc. (Bezemer and Lerman, 2003; Farrington et al., 2002;  Kollmair and Gamper, 2002); Physical capital comprises the basic infrastructure and producer goods needed to support livelihoods (DFID, 1999);  Social capital which refers to networks and connectedness,  Financial capital like savings, credit, and remittances from family members working outside the home (CARE, 2001; Bezemer and Lerman, 2003); and Natural capital which  is the natural resource stock.

Policies and institutions which influence rural household’s access to livelihood assets are also important aspects of livelihood framework (DFID, 2000). Institutions are the social cement which link stakeholders to access to capital of different kinds to the means of exercising power and so define the gateways through which they pass on the route to positive or negative [livelihood] adaptation (Scoones, 1998).

Livelihood strategies

According to DFID (1999) the term livelihood strategies are defined as the range and combination of activities and choices that people make in order to achieve their livelihood goals, including productive activities, investment strategies, reproductive choices, etc. Livelihood strategies are composed of activities that generate the means of household survival and are the planned activities that men and women undertake to build their livelihoods (Ellis, 2000).

 Livelihood outcomes

Livelihood outcomes are the achievements of livelihood strategies, such as more income (e.g. cash), increased well-being (e.g. non material goods, like self-esteem, health status, access to services, sense of inclusion), and reduced vulnerability (e.g. better resilience through increase in asset status), improved food security (e.g. increase in financial capital in order to buy food) and a more sustainable use of natural resources (e.g. appropriate property rights) (Scoones, 1998)

3. METHODOLOGY

3.1. Description of the Study Area

 Boloso Sore is located at about 420 km south of Addis Ababa in Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR) in Wolayta Zone, (Figure 2). The total population of Boloso Sore for the year 2007 is   196,614 of which 96,341 are men and 100,273 women, with population density per square Km of 637 (next to Damot Gale district 750); Out of the total population 92 % lives in rural areas (BoFED, 2005; CSA, 2007).  

3.2. Sampling distribution

Table 1. Sample size distribution in the sample PAs

PAs

Household  size

                          Sample size (no)

Sample  

drawn

Poor (1)

Less poor (2)

Better off (3)

Midland PAs

Yukara

1046

9

8

4

21

Dangara Madalcho

968

2

10

7

19

Achura

1331

9

9

9

27

Highland PA

Afama Mino

2664

32

15

6

53

Total

6009

51

42

27

120

Source: Own survey, 2007

3.3. Method of Data Collection

 Primary data on household socio-economic characteristics were collected from sample households using structured interview schedule. For the case of qualitative data in order to capture better the socio-economic context and type of households in the area focus groups discussion (men, women and youth groups), key informant3 interview and wealth ranking exercises at each PA were conducted. Secondary data was gathered from various sources like Boloso Sore bureau of agriculture and rural

3.4. Data analysis techniques

Descriptive analysis

 Descriptive statistics data analysis methods used for quantitative data were one way ANOVA, mean, percentage, t-test, chi square test, and diversity indices. The descriptive data analysis was conducted using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 13.

Econometric model

 To identify the determinants behind rural household decision to engage in various livelihood strategies the assumption is that in a given period at the disposal of its asset endowment, a rational household head choose among the four mutually exclusive livelihood strategy alternatives that offers the maximum utility. Following Greene (2003), suppose for the ith respondent faced with j choices, we specify the utility choice j as:

 Uij = Zij ? + ?ij ....................................  ……………………………….   (1)

 If the respondent makes choice j in particular, then we assume that Uij is the maximum among the j utilities. So the statistical model is derived by the probability that choice j is made, which is:

 Prob (Uij >Uik) for all other K ? j ……………………………………….       (2)

Where, Uij is the utility to the ith respondent form livelihood strategy j Uik the utility to the ith respondent from livelihood strategy k

If the household maximizes its utility defined over income realizations, then the household’s choice is simply an optimal allocation of its asset endowment to choose livelihood that maximizes its utility (Brown et al., 2006). Thus, the ith household’s decision can, therefore, be modelled as maximizing the expected utility by choosing the jth livelihood strategy among J discrete livelihood strategies, i.e……………………………………… (3)

In general, for an outcome variable with J categories, let the jth livelihood strategy that the ith household chooses to maximize its utility could take the value 1 if the ith household choose jth livelihood strategy and 0 otherwise. The probability that a household with characteristics x chooses livelihood strategy j, Pij  is modelled as:

1.  J=0... 3............................................................ (4)         

With the requirement that for any i

Where: Pij = probability representing the ith respondent’s chance of falling into category j

              X = Predictors of response probabilities

            Covariate effects specific to jth response category with the first category as the reference.

Appropriate  normalization that removes an indeterminacy in the model is to assume that  (this arise because probabilities sum to 1, so only J parameter vectors are needed to determine the J + 1 probabilities), (Greene, 2003) so that , implying that the generalized equation (4) above is equivalent to

 for j = 0, 2…J and…………………………………. (5)

Where: y = A polytomous outcome variable with categories coded from 0… J. 

Note: The probability of Pi1 is derived from the constraint that the J probabilities sum to 1. That is, . Similar to binary logit model it implies that we can compute J log-odds ratios which are specified as;………………………………… (6)

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Livelihood Strategies

 Livelihood strategies are defined as those activities undertaken by households to provide a means of living. Livelihood Strategies are diverse at every level. As has been reviewed from Brown et al., (2006), several different methods of characterizing household livelihood strategies can be found in the literature. Most commonly, economists group households by shares of income earned in different sectors of the rural economy. Similarly, this study considered income shares of each livelihood activity as a means to conceptualize livelihood strategies. Income portfolio analysis was done (Table 2).

From the income portfolio analysis, if we compare income share by the broad livelihood activities, the share of agriculture accounts for about 64.1%, non farm for 22.8% and off farm accounts for 13.1% in decreasing order. Further observation of the data revealed that, off-farm5 activities (agricultural wage, land rent, and environmental gathering) are survival mechanisms pursued mainly by the poor and less poor groups but not viewed as an opportunity that farmers engage in as a choice. Non farm activities, such as rural craft is also mainly choice of the poor than the counterparts. Thus, off- farming activities seem more of a coping mechanism for the rural population than a way to accumulate wealth and reduce poverty. The poor tend to concentrate on off farm activities with low entry constraints (gathering, such as charcoal making and fire wood collection and wage). This result leads to the understanding of the challenges which prevent the poor and less poor from engaging in livestock production and more remunerative non farm activities (see table 2).

Table 2. Income composition of sample HHs

Cash income

Composition (%)

Wealth categories

Total

Poor

(N= 51)

Less poor

(N=42)

Better off

(N=27)

Livestock

11.7

27.5

42.1

24.3

Crop

36.5

41.7

44.1

39.8

Agriculture sub total

48.2

69.2

86.3

64.1

Petty trade6

17.7

11.9

5.4

12.9

Remittance

0.94

2.3

6.5

2.9

Rural craft7

10.5

6.7

1.1

7.0

Non-farm sub total

29.14

20.9

13

22.8

Gathering

6.7

3.2

0.1

4.2

Wage

15.7

3.7

0.2

7.9

Hire/rent

0.4

2.4

0.2

1.0

Off-farm sub total

22.8

9.3

0.5

13.1

Mean annual income

per AE

313.4

398.4

1122.5

525.2

F

14.604

p-value

0.000***

***, significant at < 1% probability level

Source Own survey, 2007

4.2. Econometric Analysis of Determinants of      Livelihood Strategies

 Multinomial Logistic Regression Model was used to identify determinants of livelihood strategies. The model was selected based on the justification illustrated earlier. Therefore, in this section, procedures followed to select independent variables (continuous and dummy) and results of logistic regression analysis conducted to identify determinants of livelihood strategy choice by rural households is presented.

Table 3. Definition of model variables

Dependent variable        Variables definition and unit of measurement

Livelihood strategies       If the choice of the HH lies in

Y=0, AG                         Agriculture alone           

Y=1, AG+OFF                Agriculture and off farm combination       

Y=2, AG+NF                 Agriculture and non farm combination

Y=3, AG+OFF+NF        Agriculture, off farm and non farm 

                                                                                                                                                                        Independent variables

AGE                  Age of Household Head in years

SEX                  Sex of Household Head (1= Female, 0= Male)

EDUCAT           Education level of Household Head in years

FAMILY            Family Size of the household members in number

AGROECO         Ecology of the household (0= midland, 1= high land)

LAND                 Land size owned by the Household in Hectares

LIVESTOK         Livestock hold by the household in tropical livestock unit (TLU)

INPUT             Farm input use by the Household (0= No, 1= Yes)

EXTENS            Frequency of extension contact a farmer has with extension agent in a year

COOPER        Participation of the household in cooperatives (0=No, 1= Yes)

LEADER         Leadership participation of the Household Head (0=No, 1=Yes)

CREDIT          Credit use by the household (0= No, 1= Yes)

MKTDIS         Distance of the nearest market from dwelling in kilometre

REMITA          Economic support to the household (0= No, 1= Yes)

DEPRATIO     Dependency ratio of the household

 Table 2. Multinomial logit regression of AG + OFF livelihood strategy choice

Variables

Coeff.

Std.Err.

t-ratio

P-value

Marginal effects

ONE             

SEX    

AGE   

EDUCAT          

FAMILY

AGROECO

LAND

LIVESTOK    

INPUT

EXTENS        

COOPER

LEADER        

CREDIT         

MKTDST

REMITA

DEPRATIO    

5.409

-1.901

-0.061

-1.002

0.063

-0.489

-4.099

-0.280

1.017

1.553

1.180

0.227

-1.311

-0.018

0.864

0.180

2.318

1.008

0.045

0.384

0.207

1.048

1.853

0.212

1.057

0.912

1.329

1.055

1.139

0.193

1.143

1.606

2.333

-1.884

-1.338

-2.603

0.304

-0.466

-2.212

-1.319

0.962

1.702

0.888

0.215

-1.150

-0.093

0.756

0.112

0.019

0.059*

0.180

0.009***

0.761

0.641

0.026**

0.186

0.335

0.088*

0.374

0.829

0.249

0.925

0.449

0.910

0.551

1. -0.248     

-0.003 

-0.079

0.014

-0.073

1. -0.436     

-0.025

0.048

1. 0.171     

0.046

0.086 

1. -0.156     

-0.013

0.042

-0.089

 Table 3. Multinomial logit regression of AG + NF livelihood strategy choice

Variables

Coeff.

Std.Err.

t-ratio

P-value

Marginal effects

ONE             

SEX    

AGE   

EDUCAT          

FAMILY

AGROECO

LAND

LIVESTOK    

INPUT

EXTENS        

COOPER

LEADER        

CREDIT         

MKTDST

REMITA

DEPRATIO

2.449

-0.016

-0.081

-0.831

-0.158

0.495

-1.511

-0.143

1.107

0.694

1.353

-0.526

-0.108

0.177

0.901

2.151

1.842

0.697

0.038

0.336

0.168

0.911

1.091

0.160

0.905

0.747

0.985

0.896

0.885

0.153

0.905

1.280

1.329

-0.023

-2.137

-2.470

-0.939

0.543

-1.383

-0.897

1.223

0.928

1.373

-0.587

-0.122

1.157

0.995

1.680

0.183

0.981

0.032**

0.013**

0.347

0.586

0.166

0.369

0.221

0.353

0.169

0.556

0.902

0.247

0.319

0.092*

1. 0.121     
2. 0.156     

-0.014 

1. -0.114     

-0.054 

1. 0.209    

-0.003 

-0.005 

1. 0.143     

0.061

1. 0.171      

-0.091

1. 0.106     

0.045

1. 0.108     
2. 0.550     

***, **,* Significant at <1%, 5% and 10% probability level respectively.

Source: own survey, 2007

***, **,* Significant at <1%, 5% and 10% probability level respectively.

Source: own survey, 2007

Interpretation of econometric results

 Sex of household head (SEX):  Gender affects diversification options, including the choice of income-generating activities (both farm and non-farm) due to culturally defined roles, social mobility limitations and differential ownership of/access to assets (Galab et al, 2002). In the study, as expected sex of household head is found to negatively and significantly (< 0.05) influences diversification into off farm activities by FEHHs. Thus, keeping the influence of other factors constant; the likelihood of FEHHs choice of agriculture and off farm livelihood strategy decreases by 24.8 %. The opposite is true for the male counterparts. This result is in agreement with previous studies conducted by Adugna (2005) and Berhanu (2007).

 Age of household head (AGE): As  expected, this  variable was found significant (p<0.5) to negatively influence farmers decision to diversify to non farm activities, which implies that farmers participate in non-farm activities at a decreasing rate as they age. From Table 40, it can be seen that the likelihood of a HH simultaneous choice of agriculture and non farm activities decreases by 1.4 % with increasing age. The possible reason is that farmers whose age is relatively younger, leaving other factors constant, could be pushed to engage more in non-farm activities than agriculture alone. This is because, younger farm households cannot get enough land to support their livelihood compared to the older farm households. This result is congruent with previous studies by Barrett et al, (2001); Destaw, (2003), Rao et al., (2004); Adugna, (2005); Mulat et al., (2006), Berhanu (2007), and Khan (2007).

 Educational level of household head (EDUCAT): Educational attainment proves one of the most important determinants of non farm earnings, especially in more remunerative salaried and skilled employment in rural Africa (Barrett et al, 2001). Education is critical since the better-paid local jobs require formal schooling, usually the completion of secondary school or beyond. Contrary to prior hypothesis, this variable has a negative and significant (p<0.01) and (p<0.05) influence on the decision of the household head participation in off and non farm activities respectively. In other words, participation in off-farm and non-farm activities and low levels of education among sample HH heads were found to be positively associated, suggesting that household heads with more years of education may have realized the low return and decided to work on agriculture. The possible explanation is that the average education achieved (which is below primary level) in by the sample households is not sufficient to be formally employed and educated farmers do not find skill demanding livelihood option in the study area.  The result is in line with the findings of Galab et al, (2002), Berhanu (2007) and Khan (2007), but in contradiction with the findings of Barrett et al., (2001); Destaw (2003).  

Livestock holding (LIVESTOK): In line with prior expectation, livestock holding in TLU negatively influence household’s choice of AG+OFF+NF livelihood strategy at less than 10% probability level. That means the farmer with lower livestock holding would be obliged to diversify livelihoods into off and non farm in order to meet needs. In the study the likelihood of diversifying livelihoods into off and non farm activities decrease by 1.9 % for households with more livestock number in TLU. The result is in line with the findings of Tesfaye (2003) ,Berhanu (2007) and Khan (2007).

 Family size (FAMILY): In line with expectation, family size was found to have positive and significant relation to diversification of livelihood strategies into AG + OFF + NF at < 10% probability level. The positive correlation between family size and diversification might be due to the relation between larger family size and household labour or corresponding higher demand for food in the household which implies that while an additional member to the household increases the odds to participate in agriculture plus off farm plus non- farm activities in order to meet basic needs to the family. This means, one extra person in the household increases the likelihood of diversifying livelihoods by 3.3 %. In other words, additional family member decreases the odds to work only on farming. This finding is similar to that of Bezemer and Lerman, (2003), and Khan (2007).

 Agro-ecology (AGROECO): As expected, this variable has a negative and significant (P<0.10) correlation with the likelihood of choosing agriculture and off farm livelihood strategy. This means the tendency that the household diversify livelihoods into agriculture plus off farm plus non farm increases as we go from high lands to midland. Hence, the probability of diversifying into agriculture plus off farm and non farm drops by 15.7 % for highland households. The result is in line with that of Jansen et el., (2004). This might be due to differences in the quality and size of land, the amount and distribution of rainfall and population densities that influence between highlands and midlands. For instance, climatically the later is wormer than the former.

 Land size owned (LAND):- As hypothesized, the area of land owned by the household has a significant (P<0.05 and p<0.10) and negative correlation with the likelihood of choosing AG+ OFF and AG+OFF+NF respectively. The results of this study suggest that rural households with more land tend to follow agricultural extensification rather than diversifying from agriculture since they draw incentives of land productivity. This implies the chances of choosing agriculture in the context of having large land size decreases the probability of diversifying to off farm and non farm activities by 43.6 % and 14.0 % respectively. On the other hand the probability of diversifying livelihoods decreases by increasing land size as farmers with more land supposed to stay on farm since land stimulates farming. Increased role of off/non farm activities such as selling labour, part-time wage employment, petty trading, especially for poor and less poor  households with less land holding and other necessary resources, signify how households respond to a decreasing ratio of farm size to household. This supports the view that off-farm and on-farm activities compete over the limited household resources. It also implies that those households who expect secured agricultural income stay on farm and lower off-farm intensity. Lanjouw and Lanjouw (1995) also found out that landholdings per capita are negatively correlated with participation in low productivity occupations. This result is in line with that of Berhanu (2007), Mulat et al., (2006) and Khan (2007). The implication is that farmers just switch away from off-farm activities when the farm activity is promising; and hence, this supports the necessity argument as opposed to the choice argument. Farmers consider off-farm activities as a last resort income source if crop production fails.

 Frequency of extension contact (EXTENS): This variable has a positive and significant (p<0.10) correlation with the likelihood of choosing agriculture and off farm livelihood strategy instead of sustaining on agriculture alone. Keeping other factors constant; the likelihood of participation in agriculture and off farm, increases by 17.1 % for those who have gained frequent extension contact than the counterparts. The objectives of extension is to change farmers outlook towards their difficulties which assists them adapt better solution to their livelihoods (Samuel, 2001).Thus, the information obtained and the knowledge and skill gained from extension organization may influence farmers’ skill and decision making on seeking diversification. The frequent extension contact received will increase the tendency of household to participate in off farm activities. This may be also explained by the factors that the message/contents that farmer gain from extension agents help them to initiate to use risk aversion strategies that seek diversification of income within and out agriculture.

Credit use (CREDIT): Contrary to expectation, credit use is found to have a significant (p< 0.05) negative impact on the likelihood of choosing diversified livelihood strategy which combines agriculture, off farm and non farm. This implies that, the likelihood of participating in diversified livelihood strategy by the household drops by 9.9 % for a household using credit. This negative impact may be attributed to the fact that credit use allows farmers to follow agricultural intensification by accessing farm inputs which in turn improves productivity. This more implies that the formal and informal credit facilities that avail for rural farmers are a very important asset in rural livelihoods not only to finance agricultural inputs activities, but also to protect loss of crucial livelihood assets such as cattle due to seasonal food shortage, illness or death (Tesfaye, 2003). The result of the study, therefore, strongly suggest that farmers’ access and use of credit would play important role in promoting agricultural development rather than diversification. The result is also in agreement with that of Holden et al., (2004); Brown et al, (2006), Berhanu (2007), and Khan (2007). This implies that the incentive for accessing credit accelerates agricultural production.

 Dependency Ratio (DEPRATIO):- As hypothesized, dependency ratio is found to have a significant (P<0.10) positive correlation with choice decision of agriculture and non farm livelihood strategy. This indicates that with increase in dependency ratio the ability to meet subsistence needs declines and the dependency problems make it necessary in the household to diversify their income source (Khan, 2007. Households with higher dependency ratios follow less remunerative non-farm livelihood strategies (Jansen et el., 2004). This means when the dependency ratio increase, the ability of farmers to meet family needs decrease and chance of diversifying livelihood to non farm activities increases. If the dependency ratio increases by one the probability of the household’s falling into agriculture plus non-farm livelihood strategy increases by 55%. The policy implications of this pattern seem clear, a need to address rapid population growth as well as the provision of job opportunities for adult labour. This result is inconsistent with that of Warren (2002); and Rao et al., (2004).

Inputs use (INPUT): Contrary to expectation, use of chemical fertilizer and HYVs was found to be positively and significantly affect the rural households’ decision to choose agriculture plus off farm plus non farm livelihood strategy at <10% level of significance. The probable reason for this is that due to improvement of productivity through farm input use the farmers might go for petty trading and other non farm activities. This suggests that those who are better-off can afford to buy fertilizer/ HYVs and those who are poor may not. As a result, those who use fertilizer /HYVs may produce more per unit area than non-users and can have access to large quantity of food and diversify income sources for accumulation.

Membership to cooperatives (COOPER): This variable as hypothesized was found significant (<0.05) to positively determine choice of livelihood strategy towards agriculture plus off farm plus non farm activities by 13.2 %. That means the household who participate in cooperatives will diversify livelihoods into off and non farm since cooperatives promote access to social capital in which off/ non farm options are gained. Culturally appropriate forms of social capital also appear to have the potential to aid rural income generation and reduce vulnerability to income shocks. As group discussants revealed, cooperation in the form of credit unions, producer organizations, women credit association for milk and better, and churches have positive effects on the income generating capacity of their members and, through production linkages, on the wider local economy in the study area. The result is in line with that of Warren (2002) and Bezemer and Lerman (2002).

 Receiving remittance (REMITA): Rremittance refers to money sent from inside and outside the country. As expected, the multinomial logit model identified this variable as it had positive contribution to the diversification of livelihood strategies apart from agriculture to off and non farm at  significance of <10 % probability level. This meant that, the likelihood of a household receiving remittance increase choice of diversification into off farm and non farm activities by 8.7 %. The result is in consistent with the findings of Bezemer and Lerman, (2002) and Brown et al, (2006). Although remittances constitute only a small part of total household income on average, they appear important for keeping rural households diversify activities.

5. SUMMARY AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the present study it is possible to conclude that the constraints of the rural households in choosing livelihood strategies that will lead them achieve food security goal should not be put aside since food security problem cannot be overcome by simply concentrating on the farm sector alone; intersectoral issues and farm and non-farm linkages need to be addressed as well. Moreover, the contribution made by non-agricultural sector to rural households is a significant; although for the poor these activities are survival oriented and have little to do with wealth accumulation.

The result of the multinomial logistic regression model revealed that out of 15 variables included in the model, 13 explanatory variables are found to be significant up to less than 10% probability level. Accordingly, sex of household head (<0.05) education level of household head (< 0.01), land size (<0.05) were found to have negative association with agriculture plus off farm livelihood strategy. Where as, extension contact (<0.10) was found to be significant and positively influence households choice of agriculture plus off farm livelihood strategy. Meanwhile, age of household head, education level of household head negatively determine choice of agriculture plus non farm activities at < 0.05 probability level. Dependency ratios, on the other hand, positively affect the same strategy at < 0.10 probability level. In the case of diversified livelihood strategy, i. e. agriculture plus off farm plus non farm, agro-ecology (<0.10), land size (<0.10), livestock holding (<0.10), credit use (<0.10), were found significant and affect choice of this livelihood strategy negatively. Input use (<0.10), cooperatives membership (<0.05), receiving remittance (<0.10), family size (<0.10), were found to affect the choice of similar livelihood strategy positively.

Recommendations

Household livelihoods are highly diverse. Policy-makers need to reflect on the most suitable ways of supporting this diversity. Only with more appropriate policies that recognize the importance of diversity will it be possible for more people to make positive exits from food security risk through diversity. The key finding of the study was that diversification across income sources helps households to combat instability in income and thereby increases the probability of their maintaining livelihood security, specially the poor and the overwhelming experience of diversification is as a coping strategy for the poor.

Any attempt to intervene the community need to target specific groups of societies such as female headed households, wage workers, petty traders,  the food insecure, the poor, the midlanders or the highlanders. The intervention strategy should have a needs identification to address both the basic needs as well as the needs that arise from wealth category specific constraints. Mechanisms are needed to ensure that the concerns of the poor are reflected in public policies and required to bring these groups into the very center of policy making processes. The fact that the result of the study ensured  more than 74.2% households to be food insecure demand development intervention strategies that enable immediate survival during emergency times as well as to promote disaster recovery and increase shock absorbing capacity of the food insecurity vulnerable households.

Sticking to the findings of this study, the contribution made by income from crop and the value of own consumption was found significant and substantial in achieving food security. This implies that efforts has to be made to improve income from cash crops production (Ginger and coffee) to ensure food security through promotion of  input use and marketing facilities.

The poor are not merely producers but also wage  labourers and consumers; extension should promote technologies not simply geared to increased production, but which are contextually sensitive to potential tradeoffs between productivity (especially labour productivity), increased employment opportunities and reduced vulnerability, doing so in ways which increase the ‘voice’ of poor people.

Family size was found to be directly household livelihood diversification. The main case behind is that as family size increase there is no means of accessing more land to cultivation to meet the demand of large family size. With these scenario, having more household size aggravate the problem of meeting food leave alone education, health and other non – food demands of household that will bring future return. Thus, affirmative action based awareness creation on the impacts of population growth at the family and community level should be strongly advocated that lead to reduction in fertility and lengthen birth spacing resulted in smaller household size.

The substantial effect of education on household livelihood strategy choice for each type of livelihood strategies confirms the significant role of the variable in consideration for betterment of living condition. The fact that, the average years of education achieved by sample HH heads is below primary level indicates that  it has no more incentives to involve the household head in more remunerative activities since better jobs demand more than this level.

Livestock sub sector plays a great role in the struggle to eliminate poverty. Its contribution to the total income is significant. Hence, necessary effort should be made to improve the production and productivity of the sector. This can be done through the provision of adequate veterinary services, improved water supply points, introduction of timely and effective artificial insemination services to up-grade the already existing breeds, launching sustainable and effective forage development program, provision of training for the livestock holders on how to improve their production and productivity, improving the marketing conditions, etc

The result showed that off farm and non farm incomes make an important contribution to household cash incomes (23%), and that the proportion of cash income from off farm activities is larger for poorer wealth groups. In this regard, interventions that enhance off farm activities in sustainable manner need to be designed. Therefore the rural development strategy should not only emphasis in increasing agricultural production but concomitant attention should be given in promoting such activities in the rural areas.

The agricultural sector of the district is characterized by land scarcity and increasing fragmentation of already very small farms, and shortage of draught animals. To this affect, the farming economy is not viable especially for the poor. This implies that the non-farm sector has to be developed to absorb more of the growing population. Thus, support to diversification away from precarious livelihood strategy (agriculture) towards sustainable alternatives whose returns are not correlated with land - possibly agro-industry help to shift some proportions of farmers from direct reliance on land for their livelihoods and enhancing resilience.

 Culturally appropriate forms of social capital (cooperatives) also appear to have the potential to aid rural income generation. Support to local NGOs, credit unions, producer organizations, organizing and wage labourer associations may have positive effects on the income generating capacity of their members and, through production linkages, on the wider local economy.

 The policy to promote adoption of credit to stimulate adoption of high yielding varieties and fertilizer use has not been very successful in the study area.  Farmers were reporting that they failed to pose the later due to the absence of the former. Thus, enhancing and expanding rural credits to subsistence farmers in the district should be one of the primary areas of intervention and policy options

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  Samuel Gebre-Sellassie, 2003. Summary report on recent economic and agricultural policy. Paper prepared for the Roles of Agriculture International Conference 20-22 October, 2003Rome, Italy.

 Scoones, I., 1998. Sustainable livelihoods, a framework for analysis, IDS working paper number 72, Brighton.

  Tesfaye Lemma, 2003. Diversity in livelihoods and farmers strategies in Hararghe highlands, Eastern Ethiopia, University of Pretoria, South Africa.

 Warren, P., 2002. Livelihoods Diversification and Enterprise Development: An Initial Exploration of Concepts and Issues. Rome: FAO.

About the Author

The author holds MSc. degree in rural development from Haramaya University and have been teaching in Arba Minch university, Ethiopia

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Shock Therapy in continental Euro-Asia would topple a subsidy bill on cities such as Rome, Vienna, Bonn

SATURDAY’S MIRACLE

By Wendell W. Solomons

From 3,000 word alert of July 28th, 1992 to ‘Moscow News’ and World Bank Chief Economist

These jointly owned public assets hold, for example, the lifetime savings of engineers, doctors, teachers, technicians and other workers. In the particular case of divesting these assets into private ownership, careful costing is also required so as to minimise the loss of the savings of working men and women. Causing group insolvency and ethnic breakdown has to be avoided.

Alienation of jointly owned public assets to legal persons also requires the development of civil and company law, which includes development of courts and the training of lawyers.

If a Hey-Presto approach failed, someone else would have to subsidise the earnings and pensions of above 300 million people, young and old, while courses in auditing, accountancy and finance, marketing, management, business economics, banking, insurance, and commercial law are taught… 

--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 

This account begins near the Church of Nicholas the Miracle-Worker in Leo Tolstoi Street. Near it, at a parking lot where foreigners park their cars, men were trying to achieve their miracle.

Somewhat rare even for Moscow, the temperature had dropped overnight to 38 degrees below freezing. Dramatically, brightly coloured American, British, French and German-owned Citroens, Fords, Peugeots, Volkswagens, and Volvos, refused to start. Winter had turned the foreign cars into disheartening heaps of metal.

Few of the foreigners that first morning noticed one man at work. He had placed a tray of glowing coals, a saving from a summer picnic, under the engine of his maroon Volvo ... He knew he could warm the engine oil slightly to help the pistons slide in the cylinders. A Britisher, the expertise for his miracle had come from working as a serviceman in Norway.

Many people search for a miracle to avoid further shortages, price rises, and turmoil in Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Thinking about figures he had seen in July 1992 U.S. President George Bush had expressed it in his way, “I don’t know if there is enough money in the world to solve Russia’s economy.”

Every miracle worker has his expertise. Matthew XV-14 cautions-

“And if the blind lead the blind, both shall fall into the ditch.”

To make a larger social miracle possible, what expertise could be used? May we have a look at Asia? The spirituality of modern Europe originated in Asia’s Nazareth ...
 

STAR TO THE EAST

ASIAWEEK magazine’s editors saw and took up our large socio-economic problem on July 24th, 1992. They had an observation to make on available expertise in the East

“China’s leaders know what can happen if prices rise too fast. They wrote the book on creating special economic zones as laboratories for free-market reforms, which can then be applied to the rest of the country.”

And to the East of China is Japan - whose star experiences even American companies study. There, a century ago Japan had began the intensive search for expertise. In the inceptional promise of office in 1868, the Japanese ruler who began uniting several Japanese territories declared -

“Knowledge shall be sought for throughout the world, so that the welfare of the Empire may be promoted.”

With a need to take over from several provincial Shoguns and unite Japan, the 16-year old Emperor Meiji led the rapid study and emulation of the practices of Europe.

Between the epochs of Pythagoras and Newton, although many people had been blocked in the hinterland, Europe served as a testing ground for an Asian ethos. It happened to be one that challenged detachment and was cosmopolitan. As this ethos established itself, Western Europe no longer saw Saturn’s day and Thor’s day in the week nor glorified the wisdom of the Stoic recluse who detached himself from the world. The enlightenment of the solitary recluse was replaced by the ‘folly’ foretold in 1st Corinthians I/17-29, exemplified for instance by a prayer called OUR FATHER which contains neither solitary “I” nor “Me.”

In East Asia, Japan had arisen to the popular transition to the European Age of Enlightenment. And in 1890, universal primary school education was adopted as Japan’s goal. Thanks to the study of Europe’s success in education, Japan had begun to think of life in terms of the advances of community centred and community involved Europe. Notably, the Emperor tried to prepare the Japanese for using not only the perimeter of the storm and typhoon-ridden volcanic islands, but also the whole world as a treasury of cosmopolitan expertise from which to select and better slough off national handicaps.

What was the result of this experiment?

How easy it is for us to jump a century forward . . . We hear a news report that says Japan’s trade surplus with the rest of the world increased by 50% during the first six months of 1992 as compared with the previous year. More than one-third of the same trade surplus was gained at the expense of another country that directly inherited the European Age of Enlightenment - the United States.

Yet, we know that the surface area of the Japanese archipelago of four hilly main islands and several thousand others, adds up to less the area of the single U.S. state of California.

While the small David grew, what had the larger nation been doing?

STAR TO THE WEST

U.S. Soldier-President Dwight D. Eisenhower knew of the need for advance. He had this to say, “Our real problem, then, is not our strength today; it is rather the vital necessity of action today to ensure our strength tomorrow.”

Previously, as a Commander of Allied Forces during the war Eisenhower had answered to President Franklin D. Roosevelt who knew the challenge of leadership in the broad spectrum of national and international. He had said, “We defend and we build a way of life, not for America alone, but for all mankind.”

It says still more of his vision when we learn that Roosevelt resounded to the aspiration, so different from what the Mercantilists believed -

“The money-changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilisation. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths.”

And even on the other side of the U.S. political divide, Roosevelt’s Republican counterpart exhibited a kindred stand on leadership when he agreed to visit Moscow during the war as Presidential emissary. He, Wendell L. Willkie, in addition brings out the link of strength to productivity in this paradoxical way

“It is from weakness that people reach for dictators and concentrated government power. Only the strong can be free. And only the productive can be strong.”

Although “money-changers” contrasted with “the productive” for the generation of these two leaders, different events were to follow. America - privileged child of the Age of Enlightenment - had become Japan’s occupying power and had broken down Japan’s leading business holdings. At the same time, counterpart U.S. holdings remained full and rich.

What more than a chance to enjoy this good fortune?

Influential American households had inherited the sort of money fortunes that many an old European princedom would have envied. The heads of these American households were now able to invest in the acclaim of muses and sages and evade a new problem - the headache of leadership.

Among the sages who relieved them of that headache was Milton Friedman. His Monetarism, if we consult an encyclopaedia entry for brevity, concentrated on boosting economic growth through the regulation of the money supply in a country’s economy. Innovation, productivity, and economic strength were to follow automatically - they were not to bother America’s new leadership.

What entered official thinking was in a sense a throwback to the 17th and 18th-Century Mercantilists of France and England. These publicists offered support to mercenaries, merchant houses and colonial despots by seeing economic growth solely at the interface of the exchange of merchants’ goods, and most particularly in the negotiation of the money of the day, gold coin and bullion. English playwright Thomas Dekker (1572-1632) had explained in hyperbole -

“A mask of gold hides all deformities.”

Both Mercantilists and Monetarists gave comfort and reassurance to the wielders of money wealth by saying that the attributes they used were the fundamental levers of life. When this fetish was projected far and wide by TV in modern times, it grasped the United States with a fever remarkably like that of King Midas who coveted the golden touch until it began to turn his food and his loved ones into frigid gold.

Spellbound by the projection of glitter such as that of Monetarism, U.S. productivity began to drop after the war. The families that had developed into inheritors of U.S. wealth had reached those circumstances in life when they detached themselves from America’s innovators. To illustrate the gap between the planners of U.S. business strategy and innovators let us take just one example.

SONY bought rights to the use of the transistor from a U.S. concern for just $25,000. Innovation after innovation was used by the Japanese consumer electronics industry, which took over from American firms in America’s own market in radios, tape recorders, TV sets, high quality stereo, and video.

In two rather famous articles published in 1983 in THE ATLANTIC REVIEW, Harvard University’s Robert B. Reich noticed the trend and said

“More than 65 percent of all seats on the boards of Japanese manufacturing companies are occupied by people who are trained as engineers; roughly the same percentage of seats on American boards are taken by people trained in law, finance or accountancy. Thus, in Japan, many problems that arise in business are viewed as problems of engineering or science, for which technical solutions can be found...’

“Paper entrepreneuralism is both cause and consequence of America’s faltering economy. Paper profits are the only ones available to professional managers who sit isolated atop organisations designed for a form of production that is no longer appropriate to America’s place in the world economy...’

“Paper entrepreneuralism thus has a self-perpetuating quality that, if left unchecked, will drive the nation to further decline.”

Just before Robert Reich sounded this alarm, Thomas Peters and Robert Waterman had put out a book, “In Search of Excellence”, which focused on better organisation. Their book was widely read in U.S. industry and acclaimed. Some companies strode out to focus on more rational organisation, MOTOROLA and IBM being cases in point. Yet, the general pattern remained unchanged. American wealth had fallen into a leadership position, but its leadership was abdicating it.

Finally, due to the Mercantilism, which took over everyday U.S. trade policy, to reduce friction SONY, HONDA, SANYO, YKK and other Japanese corporations began the transport of factories to the United States and learned to manage a U.S. workforce.

1. Thus, evasion had begun again. Famed writer H. G. Wells had once noted, “Every time Europe looks across the Atlantic to see the American Eagle, it observes only the rear end of an ostrich.”   
    

EXPERTISE FOR MIRACLES

If we try to measure Gross National Product (GNP) in current US dollars, we find Japan increased its per capita GNP from some $50 for year 1945 to the figure of $27,000 for year 1992. Japan has overtaken the United States ($ 22,000), Canada ($21,000), Germany ($21,000), France ($ 21,000). If you try to work it out, you find that on the average Japan increased its GNP at current prices during the last 47 years at 14.3% every year (try this figure as a constant on your calculator if you don’t have a computer handy). Who else has such development expertise?

Philip Kotler, a noted U.S. marketeer, provided a useful analysis. Not for him paper or peddlers’ capitalism. He analyses marketing-oriented, modern industrial production. His own words follow next.

TARGET INDUSTRIES

Japan’s need to rebuild the nation, to control its balance of payments, to create exports, and to manage its economy back to health, led Japan to consider selecting certain industries for targeted growth ... a target industry is simply an industry that Japan identifies as being worthy of whatever support is deemed necessary to make it a strong industry domestically and to help it become and remain competitive in the international arena.
 

THE PROPELLER-THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT

During 1949-55, Japan put together the institutional instruments that were to catapult it into the economic big league. Unquestionably, the pivotal entity in this institutional structure was MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Industry) which came into being in 1949. Even its title is significant. The inclusion of international trade is indicative of Japanese intent to guide resources toward the exploitation of international markets.

MITI worked very closely with many other governmental agencies, particularly the Ministry of Finance and the Japan Development Bank.

At the core of MITI’s roles lie separate though related elements

1. Establishing objectives and priorities for the Japanese economy

2. Developing the economic (physical) and institutional (commercial) infrastructure

3. Selecting target industries

4. Funnelling the necessary capital to target industries and specific firms

5. Nurturing target industries toward maturity

6. Developing the means to regulate all forms of competition within the Japanese economy

7. Controlling the flow of foreign investment into Japan

8. Managing the institutional environment.

Primarily through the auspices of MITI, Japan has designated a series of industries for development and nurturing. These industries were aided through financial, tax, and technology supports and were sheltered from foreign competition in the domestic market ... (Philip Kotler’s writes with co-authors in full in WORLD EXECUTIVE’S DIGEST, September, 1985.)

MARKETING-DRIVEN INDUSTRY AND FOREIGN SUBSIDIES

As compared with Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan, if marketing-driven industry is developed, Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States have certain advantages - and certain disadvantages. Let us take the advantages first -

(a) These states already posses a developed science-teaching potential more than that which Japan, South Korea or Taiwan had. Some states also have more scientists, engineers, technicians and skilled workers;

(b) Some states have far more foreign language and country specialists than Japanese or other foreign trade concerns started with; most countries also have common geographic and cultural borders with many others for fast, cross-border trade.

(c) Most countries have more mineral resources.

Last but hardly least -

(d) In many of these countries, Marx, with several generations of Rabbis in his ancestry, helped create a strong congregational “We.” In modern times Japan fostered in the factory a community spirit to combat the alienation that plagues American industrial sociology. Thus Japan was able to turn every work day at the factory into a teach-in for increasing productivity and joint success. People who happened to play a major role in the development of Japanese participative management include Kaoru Ishikawa and several activists who link together in the Tokyo-based Japan Union of Scientists and Engineers. They acknowledge a debt to U.S. statistician W. Edwards Deming of New York University, who contributed in 1950 to Japan’s participative quality management system. In this connection and finally, the work of a host of North Americans such as William Ouchi (UCLA) and Olga Crocker (Windsor) who have studied Japan’s participative management at a technical level are available in current literature and would be valuable in the selection of expertise apt to the historical challenge.

The list of disadvantages of these nations is long. So as not to grow weary and put off the task, let us take a look at the solution of two items in their agenda.

(1) These nations have to develop marketing. For many shopfloor engineers, this requires going back to the class-room. The existing system in which these engineers worked was based on macro-planning of production and distribution. Yet, far more would be required than market training for in-plant personnel. For example, business development on a country-wide scale the founding of companies, partnerships and proprietorship for merchandising, retailing, wholesaling, warehousing, handling, and trucking both for home and export needs. Consider that such business development cannot occur without the costly injection of fixed and working capital after the development of credit banks due to missing venture capital, an operation well known at the World Bank.

(2) These nations have to make private property stand out. If a large volume of assets was divested in another country with a market economy, careful timing would be used by professional asset managers so as not to depress market values suddenly.

Although the term state capitalism does occur in academic discussion, assets in these countries do not belong to a giant business magnate. These jointly owned public assets hold, for example, the life-time savings of engineers, doctors, teachers, technicians and other workers. In the particular case of divesting these assets into private ownership, careful costing is also required so as to minimise the loss of the savings of working men and women. Causing group insolvency and ethnic breakdown has to be avoided. Alienation of jointly owned public assets (obshestvennaya sobstvennost’) to legal persons also requires the development of civil and company law, which includes development of courts and the training of lawyers. If a Hey-Presto approach failed, someone else would have to subsidise the earnings and pensions of above 300 million people, young and old, men and women, while courses in auditing, accountancy and finance, marketing, management, business economics, banking, insurance, and commercial law are taught; and while macro-planned factories, farms, land, apartments, hospitals, universities and schools are valued by auditors at market prices or by a method of re-allocation of the savings in these assets themselves, and divested to buyers.

Even if large capitalised foreign buyers of factories and farms materialise, would national output at least continue at the previous level so as not to leave others a bill for subsidies from outside? There have been guesses about the size of that annual subsidy bill and as we know of July 1992, U. S. President George Bush put in this way, “I don’t know if there is enough money in the world to solve Russia’s economy.”

In the event of failure, a big-bang operation in continental Euro-Asia would topple a subsidy bill on cities such as Rome, Vienna, Bonn, Paris, London, Dublin, Glasgow, Madrid, Lisbon, Brussels, The Hague, Copenhagen, Stockholm, Oslo. Now hardly noticed, land barriers have gradually faded. That has made several of these cities no more than one week’s journey by road from the Church of Nicholas the Miracle-Worker, patron saint of Moscow. It is Saint Nick, called Santa Claus in the West by children, who enters through the chimney making many a Christmas wish miraculously come true. Now, if you happen to be a Mummy or Daddy wishing for a miracle near this church, should you choose the star of the East or the star of the West for your route?

History of document

Edited in Colombo by Revd. Graeme W. M. Muckart of the Church of Scotland in July 1992.

Text sent by Wendell W. Solomons to Lawrence Summers, IBRD Chief Economist, from Colombo through Metalix private agency post office fax 580721 to Washington IBRD fax 202-4776391 on July 28th, 1992.

Telexes on the subject begun to TW 886-2-7761549 and faxes from May 1st.

Communications received from IBRD by Wendell W. Solomons

(a) Courier packet of documents, DHL, Forwarder Airbill No: 756176536 SPS 744556072, of Aug 7th, 1992, despatched by Etienne Pierart, Dept: 824, Div: 11, Room: 0-4137, The World Bank.
(b) Letter of same date under signature of Etienne Pierart.
(c) Letter of November 30th, 1992 reference No: D28811 (3); 10/19/92, from World Bank under signature of Julita R.S. Main.

About the Author

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